Folia Theologica et Canonica 4. 26/18 (2015)

IUS CANONICUM - Szabolcs Anzelm Szuromi. O.Praem., Interpretation of the Church's discipline without the former sources?

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SZABOLCS ANZELM SZUROMI, O.PRAEM.

first time of the history of general councils.1" Thanks to Jose Miguel Viejo- Ximénez’s recent research, St. Isidor of Seville’s (t636) essential work Etymo- logiarum" has got important attention in the interpretation of Gratian's method, particularly regarding his technic on “distinctiones”.12 In Isidor’s concept the distinction is a grammatical instrument to distribute a concrete theme.13 Isidor frequently used Cicero’s (f43 BC) writings to his descriptions who made also influence on the contents and technic of the Decretimi Gratiani.'4 In Book V Isidor speaks about laws and times (De legibus et temporibus)15 and gives precise definitions on classification of different forms and levels of laws (lex divinis, lex humanis, ius naturale, ius civile, ius gentium, iuspublicum, etc.).16 His classification, which is rooted basically in Roman law sources, enlightens how the canonical system became more close to this technic since that time when the Decretum Gratiani was composed.17 It was not only used for distribution, in10 Const. 6: Sicut olim a sanctis patribus noscitur institutum, metropolitani singulis annis cum suis suffraganeis provincialia non omittant concilia celebrare, in quibus de corrigendis excessibus et moribus reformandis, praesertim in clero, diligentem habeant cum Dei timore tractatum, cano- nicas régulas et maxime quae statuta sunt in hoc generali concilio relegentes, ut eas faciant ob- servari, debitam poenam transgressoribus infligendo. Ut autem id valeat efficacius adimpleri, per singulas dioeceses statuant idoneas personas, providas videlicet et honestas, quae per totum annum simpliciter et de plano, absque ulla iurisdictione sollicite investigent, quae correctione vel reformatione sint digna, et ea fideliter perferant ad metropolitanum et suffraganeos et alios in concilio subsequenti, ut super his et aliis, prout utilitati et honestati congruerit, provida de- liberatione procédant; et quae statuerint, faciant observari, publicantes ea in episcopalibus syno- dis, annuatim per singulas dioeceses celebrandis. Quisquis autem hoc salutare statútum neglexe- rit adimplere, a suis benefìciis et executione officii suspendatur, donee per superioris arbitrium eius relaxetur. Conciliorum oecumenicorum decreta, Bologna 1973.’ (hereafter: COD) 212-213, cf. X5. 1.25.

11 Oroz Reta, J. - Marcos Casquero, M-A. - Diaz y Dyaz, M. C. (dir.), San Isidoro de Sevilla, Etimologias (Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos 433-434), I—II. Madrid 1993-1994.

12 ViEjo-XiMÉNEZ, J.M., Distinctiones, in Otaduy, J. - Viana, A. - Sedano, J. (dir.), Diccionario General de Deret ho Canonico, III. 424-428, especially 425. Viejo-Ximénez, J.M., Cicerón y Gradano, in Folia Theologica et Canonica II (24/16) [20131 191-214. especially 194.

13 Cf. Viejo-Ximénez, J.M., Cicerón y Gradano, 194.

14 Cf. Larrainzar, C, La mención de Cicerón entre las «auctoritates» canónicas, in Revista Es- panola de Derecho Canònico 71 (2014) 93-118, especially 107-109.

15 Oroz Reta, J. - Marcos Casquero, M-A. - Diaz y Dyaz, M. C. (dir.), San Isidoro de Sevilla, Etimologias, I. 508-565.

16 Etymologiarum 5.3: lus generale nomen est, lex autem iuris est species. lus autem dictum, quia iustum [esti. Omne autem ius legibus et moribus constat. (...). Oroz Reta, J. - Marcos Casquero, M-A. - Diaz y Dyaz, M. C. (dir.), San Isidoro de Sevilla, Etimologias, 1.510; cf. Etymologiarum 2.10: (...) Factae sunt autem leges, ut earum metu humanacoherceatur audacia, tutaque sit inter inprobos innocentia, et in ipsis inprobis formidato supplicio referentur nocendi facultas. Legis enim praemio aut poena vita moderatur humana (...). Oroz Reta, J. - Marcos Casquero, M-A. - Diaz y Dyaz, M. C. (dir.), San Isidoro de Sevilla, Etimologias, I. 374.

17 Meyer, Ch. H. F., Die Distinktionstechnik in der Kanonistik des 12. Jahrhunderts. Ein Beitrag zur Wissenschaftsgeschichte des Hochmittelalters (Mediaevalia Lovaniensia I/XXIX), Leuven 2000.