Acta Papensia 2019. - A Pápai Református Gyűjtemények Közleményei 19. évfolyam (Pápa, 2019)
2019 / 1-2. szám
-s Műhely s-Acta Papensia xix (2019) 1-2. SZÁM in the Ottoman pictures), by water damming in the 14th and 15th century. So the lake surrounding the castle of Pápa from the eastern direction is clearly of artificial origin. 4) The mesotrophic, relatively clear carbonate rich lake system transformed to an organic material rich eutrophic lake in the 16th century, based on the organic material, macrobotanical and mollusk content. This change could be caused by the eutrophication of the lake system as a result of sedimentation, as well as the lack of cleaning of the lake system. As a result, floating marsh patches, reed, bulrush, and dark opaque water bodies formed in the lake and this could have been particularly favorable from a defense point of view. It cannot be ruled out that the rise of organic matter content and the development of the eutrophic state can also be caused by human impact. More precisely, they maintained this eutrophic lake state and this artificial lake system was not cleaned. The eutrophic lake state subsisted until the 18th century. Parallel to the evolution of the eutrophic and marshy lake conditions, the cereal pollen ratio decreased in the profile (Fig. 14). This phenomenon is not only the characteristic of the local economy, but can be observed in the whole Little Hungarian Plain and in the entire Carpathian Basin during the Ottoman period (Fig. 16). The decrease of cereal pollen ratio is related to the reduction of population, war losses and economic change in war conditions. Because of the uncertainties of war, crop cultivation declined across the basin and the more mobile animal husbandry became dominant. This latter has been intensified by cattle trade with the cities of the German-Roman Empire (Bartosiewicz, 1997-1998; Szabó, 1975; Vörös, 2000, 2002, 2004). Probably, the drop of population number and the increase of production risk in war conditions, furthermore, the long-distance trade may have contributed to the increase of weeds indicating animal husbandry, while cereal pollen ratio declined in the Várkert profile (Fig. 14), as well as in the regional pollen material (Fig. 17) in the 16th and 17th century. That is, Ottoman farming trend evolved in the area of Pápa as well, the development of the market town has been transformed, the economic zones (Thiinnen zones) that emerged during the medieval period changed, and the extensive animal husbandry zone could have expanded to the arable zone, which became scattered and secondary, and reached the forest zone. 5) In the 18th century drainage processes took place and soil formation started that resulted the evolution of a hydromorphic soil in the upper part of the profile. Today this soil forms the soil of the Várpark (Palace Garden) and it is constantly evolving, becoming more and more significant in thickness. Due to soil formation the organic material content destroyed and transformed to humin material. Drainage in the second part of the 20th century formed an anthrasol on the surface of the garden.- 38 3-
