Vízrajzi Évkönyv 90., 1985 (Budapest, 1986)
Tartalomjegyzék
FOREWORD This volume of Hydrographic Yearbooks is published in the 101th year of existence of the Hungarian Hydrographic Service. In this country the first organization responsible for the measurement andevaluati- onof the country’s hydrographic data and for flood prediction was the Hydrographic Section, established in 1886 by the Ministry of Public Works and Transportation. In accordance with changes in economic conditions and in requirements imposed against hydrographic activites, since 1886 the organization of the hydrographic service underwent several changes: the tasks of hydrography were performed from 1890 by the Hydrographic Section of the Ministry of Agriculture and later of the National Directorate of Hydraulic Construction of this Ministry, between 1929 and 1948 by the Hydrographic Institute sponsored by the Ministry of Agriculture, between 1948 and 1952 by different organizations of the water sector, between 1952 and 19 76 by the Research Institute for Water Resources Development while since 1976 they have been managed by the Hydrographic Institute of the Research Centre for Water Resources Development and by district water authorities. During the past century the hydrographic service managed the acquisition of basic hydrographic information required for protection against floods and for water utilization. A part of hydrographic data is published in Hydrographic Yearbooks. The Hydrographic Yearbooks have been published with the aim of summarizing, disseminating, occasionally illustrating the main data characterizing the hydrological measurement and observation system, as well as the hydrological conditions in Hungary over the year, further of analysing the hydrological events and the variations thereof. The Hydrographic Yearbook comprises accordingly a chapter presenting a list of 781 stream gages, 2375 shallow groundwater wells, 562 deep wells /on artesian- and karstic waters/, 80 springs and 1425 meteorological stations, the schematical map of the standard network, the .grouping according to streams and the filingdata of the stream gages. The main particulars of the hydrological and hydrometeorological networks operated by the district water authorities, the Research Centre for Water Resources Development and the National Meteorological Service have been tabulated. The areal pattern of the stations within the network is shown on the maps attached to the Yearbook. The chapter entitled "Hydrological conditions over the year" describes the precipitation-, air temperature-, sunshine duration- and evaporation conditions, the hydrological characteristics of surface waters, presents data on ice conditions and depths over fords, on the inundations caused by undrained surface runoff, on pumped drainage, further the main hydrological characteristics of unconfined groundwater, springs and deep aquifers. The chapter on surface waters contains the daily stages on 160 gages, the monthly and annual lowest-, mean- and highest stages, as well as the extreme stages on record for 60 gages, the daily discharge through 46 gaging cross section, further the water temperatures measured at 47 gages. Information is presented further on the sediment- and ice regimes on the major rivers, as well as on the variations in the depth over the fords on the Danube. In the cross sections, where the streamflow rate is inHuenced significantly by surface slope, the streamflow has been determined in terms of the stage and surface slope, attaching also the auxiliary tabulations needed for the calculation. The data have been plotted in the form of stage hydrograps and diagrams showing the variations of cross-sections, water- and air temperatures, ice conditions and depths over the fords. The chapter on subsurface waters contains the water levels in 395 shallow wells, the hydro graphs of 54 wells, the map showing the areal variations of the groundwater table, the water levels in 55 wells on artesian, and those in 44 wells on karstic waters, the hydrographs for five deep wells, the yields of 19 springs and the yield hydrographs of two typical springs. The chapter entitled "Hydrometeorological data" presents information on the variations in precipitation over the year, over seasons and over the growing season, contains monthly data of 847 rain gages, further the data of high-intensity rains. The variations of snow cover thickness and snow-water equivalent at 50 stations have been tabulated. Data are published on air temperature, sunshine duration and evaporation from the open water surface, the areal pattern of air temperatures being shown graphically. The major part of the hydrological observation- and measuring network was transferred for operation to the district water authorities in 1981, where most of the observation data and records have been processed. The Hydrographic Institute of the Research Centre for Water Resources Development has been responsible for hydrological observations on the lakes Balaton and Velence, further for streamflow measurements on the Danube and Dráva rivers. The majority of the meteorological data has been made available by the National Meteorological Service. Comments on the present volume by the users of theYearbook are invited and will be appreciated. Budapest, November, 1986. Dr. L. Ivicsics Dr. L. G о d a Cand. Techn. Sei., scientific Cand. Techn. Sei. adviser Director, Hydrographic Institute Dr. L. Alföldi Cand. Earth Sei. Director General, Research Centre for Water Resources Development-10-
