AZ ORSZÁGOS SZÉCHÉNYI KÖNYVTÁR ÉVKÖNYVE 1960. Budapest (1962)
IV. Könyvtár- és művelődéstörténeti tanulmányok - Summaries
The characteristic features of 20th century library construction, as reflected by the „American way" and the „Scandinavian way" are also discussed in the study. The designs of libraries lately developed and the new conceptions which —at present —are the central problems of library building, are also described. Before analysing prevailing problems at length, the author discusses the theoretical conclusions he arrived at through his studies in the history of libraries and summarizes the characteristic features of the development of library building and design throughout the ages, beginning with ancient times, then continuing with the chained libraries in the Middle Ages, right up to the modern-age one-hall library. At this point the author also indicates the motives for and forms of the development of stack libraries ; it is also explained why the stack has become the main problem on which library design must be focussed. The author investigates all the essential, theoretical questions in this relation and then gives a comprehensive picture of the „new way" in library design. The basic principles of that new way were first adopted by the libraries of the United States of America. A brief history of American library building follows, together with a description of the most characteristic designs that were the outcome of the American concept, such as the „departmentalized library", the „divisional system", the „modular type" of building construction by Snead, etc. ; the importance of these systems from the viewpoint of library design in Europe is also explained. The problems of the „European way" are discussed as reflected by library design in Scandinavia (in the first line Sweden), as well as in Norway, Finland, Denmark, Holland, England, France, Germany and also as shown by Soviet library design, which is beginning to play an increasingly important role in this field. The author states that the classic threefold-division in the construction of large libraries in Europe today has lost its former importance and that this deviation from the previously adopted rigid system is being increasingly recognized, mainly in the neighbouring areas : stack and reading room. There are trends which show that a certain mingling of the areas used for the accommodation of the readers and books has taken place. The open-shelf system has triumphed also in the large libraries. The claims arising out of the open-shelf system are investigated in the light of the application of furniture and fittings and from the viewpoint of the supervision of the readers, use of the catalogues and standard of reference work. The „European type of library" is in the making. Throughout the world libraries are seeking and finding better ways and methods in the service of mankind. Librarians and architects should jointly strive towards the ultimate goal: better library service in the interest of the public, to be reached through better library design and improved equipment. The study is provided with a special bibliography. Theory oj subordinated coding systems oj the double-row marginal punched cards G. OEOSZ In documentary work it is sometimes necessary that the hierarchical feature existing between the descriptors may be expressed in the storage and retrieval of information. The elaboration of coding systems expressing the subordination is hereby justified. For double-row marginal punched cards —when we take a single code field as a base — coding systems of two grades i.e. containing generic and specific codes can be constructed. When constructing these systems the following principles ought to be taken into consideration : the generic features are marked onto the card by deep notchings, the specific features by shallow notchings; the generic codes contain only the factor expressing the generic feature; they thus consist solely of deep notchings; the specific codes are complex structures which contain the factors of the generic as well as of the specific feature. For this reason the specific code is composed of the deep notchings of the generic feature and of the shallow notchings of the specific feature ; we obtain the part of the code field suitable for forming the specific component by subtracting the hole-pairs necessary for the generic code from the whole extent of the «ode field. 347
