Matskási István (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 93. (Budapest 2001)

Medzihradszky, Zs.: The Holocene sequence of the pollen record from Keszthely-Úsztatómajor, Hungary

LAPZ III (210-160 cm) - The decreasing AP and increasing NAP pollen curves are characteristic in this zone. Significant decrease of Tilia, Ulmus and Fagus are apparent. Quercus shows a more or less stable curve. Corylus pollen curve shows a gradual and permanent decrease. The ratio of Sparganium-Typha increases. The zone was divided into two subzones. LAPZ Ilia (210-195 cm) - Low percentages of Tilia, Ulmus, Fagus, Corylus are characteristic during this period. LAPZlIIb ( 195-160 cm) - The separation of this subzone from the subzone Ilia was based on the permanently low values of Ulmus and Fagus and the rising of Cerealia curve. The value of Ulmus was only 2%, Fagus 5%. Carpinus increases. A protruding peak of Poaceae is visible in the diagram with 40% value. Herbs are more frequent in this subzone, Compositae have a small peak in the second part of the period. LAPZIV (160-100 cm) - The most important property of the IV zone is about 60-40% AP/NAP ratio, suggesting a gradual opening of the landscape. LAPZ IVa (160-135 cm) - Decrease of Quercus and increase of Fagus formed the lower border of this zone. Fagus peak appears together with a small Carpinus peak. Ulmus curve reaches higher values again. During this period the amount of the cereals is significant, about 2% of the total pollen sum. The water level was probably lower. LAPZIVb (135-120 cm) - A short decrease of Quercus and a smaller Ulmus and Carpinus peak characterise the subphase. Simultaneously with the important rise of Poaceae the lower values of cereals are present. LAPZIVc (120-100 cm) - A higher values of Quercus and Fagus and lower values of Carpinus are observed. The AP/NAP ratio changed a little bit in favour of the trees. The cereals have a higher value again. During the investigated sequence of the pollen diagram there is a small Chenopodiaceae peak in this zone only. The pollen of Nymphaeaceae are permanently present. LAPZ V (100-80 cm) - Striking Pinus peak and short but considerable decreases of Quercus and Fagus occur at the beginning of the period. The mentioned variations in the pollen flora are therefore considered to be induced mainly by human activity, which seems to indicate by the small Betula peak as well. At the end of the phase signs of a significant reforestation are visible. LAPZ VI (80-60 cm)- The value of Quercus decreases, Fagus increases. The amount of Poaceae again increases, and the peak of cereals is significant.