Matskási István (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 91. (Budapest 1999)

Skuhravá, M. ; Skuhravý, V.: Gall midges (Diptera: Cecidomyidae) of Hungary

The Euro-Siberian species occupy large distribution areas. They occur very abundantly in Europe and are spread either to Western Siberia, or to Central Siberia and several species reach even the most eastern part and occur in the Far East, China and Japan. Here belong, for example, four species of the genus Harmandia, Contarinia petioli and C. populi associated with Populus tremula, Dasineura kellneri causing galls on Larix decidua and Rabdophaga rosaria developing in rosette galls on various species of Salix. Some of the European species have large distribution areas occupying the territory of the whole Europe and extending across the Mediterranean Sea either up to areas along the coast of North Africa or up to the coast of the most western part of Turkey, as for example Apiomyia bergenstammi on Pyrus communis, Dasineura acrophila and D.fraxini on Fraxinus excelsior. Some gall midge species have the widespread area of distribution in the Palaearctic Region and are known to occur in the Nearctic Region. About 14 gall midge species inhabiting Hungary may be ranked to the so-called Holarctic species. Some of them were secondarily imported to other regions with their host plants. Some of them seem to have nearly a cosmopolitan type of distribution, as for example Mayetiola destructor. As Holarctic species may be evaluated the following members of the Hungarian fauna: Contarinia pyrivora, C. tri tic i, C. tiliarum, Dasineura mali, D. pyri, D. Salicis, D. trifolii, Mayetiola destructor, Semudobia betulae, Monarthropalpus flavus, Ozirhincus millefolii, Sitodiplosis mosellana, Wachtliella rosarum and Zeuxidiplosis giardi. The Mediterranean species have the centre of their occurrence in the areas along the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. Some species penetrate to the north and reach to the southern part of Central Europe - to the territory of Hungary and to the southern part of Slovakia and of the Czech Republic. Aplonyx chenopodii, Asphondylia dorycnii, A. massalongoi and A. scrophulariae are the typical representatives of the Mediterranean species which reach in the territory of Hungary along the river Danube the most northern boundary of their distribution areas. Orseolia cynodontis occurring over large areas of the Mediterranean and reaching down to Eritrea and Senegal in Africa, seems to have the most northern point of its occurrence in the central part of Hungary. Nine species associated with Quercus cerris also belong to the complex of Mediterranean species. They occur in Hungary abundantly but peter out in the southern part of Slovakia where runs the northern limit of distribution area of their host plant, Quercus cerris. The following Mediterranean species occur in Hungary: Aplonyx chenopodii, Asphondylia dorycnii, A. massalongoi, A. scrophulariae (Fig. 4, 5), A. verbasci, Braueriella phillyreae, Contarinia alyssi, D. loewii, D. papaveris, D. sampaina, D. vincae, Janetiella fallax, J. oenophila, Oligotrophus szepligetii, Orseolia cynodontis, and the complex species associated with Quercus cerris, viz. Contarinia quercicola, C. subulifex, Dasineura tubularis, Dryomyia circinans, Janetia cerris, J. homocera, J. nervicola, J. pustularis and J. szepligetii. The sub-Mediterranean species have broad distribution areas spread from the Mediterranean up to Central Europe as far as to Slovakia, Czech Republic, southern parts of Poland and Germany. For example: Asphondylia verbasci developing on various species of Verbascum; Sackenomyia reaumurii causing pustule galls on Viburnum lantana; La-