Matskási István (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 85. (Budapest 1993)

Finnegan, M., Tóth, T. , Ferencz, M. , Fóthi, E. ; Pap, I.: Biological distance during the Avar period based on non-metric cranial data

parental population with a high degree of accuracy. In the present case we have decide that the significant side asymmetries are in the first place, marginal in number and in the second place, significant differences due to sample size allowed us to determine to pool the sides in the present analysis. Sex dimorphism As with side asymmetry, sex dimorphism must also be checked to ensure that significant sex dimorphism does not exist, which would then allow us to pool the sexes in our continued analysis. This was tested again using the chi square test based on the theta values as referenced earlier. The resultant chi square values between the sexes, treating left and right sides separately, are presented in Tables 5 and 6 respectively. In looking at sex dimorphism on the left side only (Table 5), we find 33 significant differences at or above the .05 level. Our expectation, due to chance alone, would be 18.9 significant differences at the .05 level, so we have greatly exceeded chance expectation. Additionally, we would expect 3.8 significant differences at the .01 level, but have found 7 significant differences at the .01 level; again exceeding chance expectation. Here, unlike side asymmetry, the number of traits which show a significant difference in sex, show this over more than one sample. The Pterion Form shows a significant sex difference in four sample populations; in one of these samples, the frequency in males is higher and in three samples, the frequency in females is higher. One trait, Supraorbital Foramen Complete, showed a significant sex difference in three sample populations with the greater frequency found in females in one sample, and males having the higher frequency in the other two samples. Four traits show a significant difference between the sexes in at least two populations, with the Highest Nuchal Line and Epiteric Bone showing a higher frequency in the male sample, while Foramen of Huschke Present shows a higher frequency in female samples. The Post Ethmoid Foramen Absent shows a higher frequency for males in sample and a higher frequency for females in the other sample. The remaining significant differences generated in these nine samples are relatively random, both with respect to the traits as well as the samples. Sex dimorphism on the right side is led by Parietal Notch Bone which produced a significant sex dimorphism in four sample populations, with the females having the higher frequency in one population and the males having the higher frequency in the remaining three populations. The Asterionic Bone was significantly different in three sample pairing, with males having the higher frequency in each sample. Five traits showed a significant difference in two samples. These were represented by the Foramen of Huschke, where females showed the higher frequency in each of two populations, with the remaining four traits showing a higher frequency for males in one sample and the higher frequency for females in the other sample. This condition is seen in the following traits: Parietal Foramen Present, Pterion Form, Mylohyloid Grove Closed and Posterior Ethmoid Foramen Absent. As with the left side, the right side significant differences, exceed chance expectation at both the .05 and .01 levels. Except for the traits listed above, which showed a significant difference in sex in more than one sample, the remaining significant differences are randomly distributed among traits and samples. As well, in both the left and right side comparisons, small sample size may be responsible for approximately half of all significant differences. Therefore,