Kovács I. (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 78. (Budapest 1986)
Hably, L.: The macroflora of the borehole Kiscell-1 in Budapest
plant in the Late Oligocène of Hungary is smaller than that anywhere else. Both ANDREÁNSZKY and some German authors (RÜFFLE et al. 1967) assume that this difference is due to the presence of an arid-atlantic climate. This was supported by the analysis of the materials from boreholes maiked H and from borehole Kiscell-1. Two specimens of D. furcinerve were found at a depth of 17.4 and 19.3 in the borehole. The findings are small leaf-fragments with some well preserved morphological marks on them. The structure of the epidermis can also be easily analysed. JUGLANDACEAE Palaeocarya orsbergensis (WESS. et WEB.) JÄHNICHEN, WALTHER et TAKAC (Pl. III: Figs 1-4) No large leaf fragments or fruit remains were found in the borehole, only a piece of lamina (1 cm 2 ), the taxonomical identity of which could only be defined by the analysis of the epidermis. The character of its texture is quite different from those already published (KVACEK 1972, KNOBLOCH & KVACEK 1976, JÄHNICHEN et al. 1977). Similarly to the specimens found in the localities of the Tertiary of Europe, it has very characteristic large umbrella-like glands. These are all strongly cutinized, they have round shapes and slightly waved outlines. There are basic differences in the outlines of the cells and their rate of cutinization. The cell wall of this specimen is usually slightly cutinized and wavy. The polygonal cells of the epidermis of P. orsbergensis found in borehole Kiscell-1 have heavily cutinized, straight cell walls. JÄHNICHEN (1977) mentioned a remain from the locality of Haselbach-Lucka where the cell outlines are straight and heavily cutinized at the margin of the leaf. Therefore it seems certain that our remain also belongs to the margin area of the lamina. Stomata are frequent on the lower part of the epidermis and are positioned asymmetrically. The structure of the stomata is anomocytic, the pores are usually narrow and the guard cells have a kidney-shaped figure. Both the upper and lower parts of the epidermis are heavily cutinized. This species has been described under several names in Hungary. The species of the same age from Kiseged is referred to Schinus oligocaenicum by ANDREÁNSZKY & NOVAK (1957) and by ANDREÁNSZKY (1963). It was mentioned under name Myrica lignitum (RÁSKY 1959) from the Ottnangian flora of Ipolytarnóc and Schinus molle (ANDREÁNSZKY 1959) from the sarmatian flora of Erdőbénye. Localities of this species are known from the Miocene in Hungary as well as in other parts of Europe. As regards its specific marks, we can arrive at interesting conclusions concerning its ecology and climatology. ANDREÁNSZKY (1963) allocated it to the genus Schinus and beleived it to be a xerophilous element. Though the morphology of the leaf suggests that it is a xerophilous genus, according to KVACEK the slightly cutinized epidermis and the wavy cell wall are inconsistent with that theory. The recent Engelhardtia live in subtropical-tropical rain forests mainly in South-East Asia, Malaysia and Eastern Himalayas. Concerning the localities of this species in Europe, JÄHNICHEN also concluded that it could have formed the association of the ancient subtropical-tropical rain forests. However, its surprisingly small leaves in some floras and its simultaneous occurrence with the Myrtaceae and Leguminosae indicate that it was at least partly meso-xerophilous. On the basis of both the plant communities and the morphological or anatomical marks, we classify this Kiscellian species as a xerophilous element. This is supported by the straight, heavily cutinized cell-walls, the small leaves of the Kiseged flora and the xerophilous associations found in borehole Kiscell1. It seems therefore, that P. orsbergensis was euryecious within wide boundaries. On the basis of this we could even presume that it was eurythermous, but the detailed analysis of its localities show that it always appeared in warm periods and in thermophilous associations. As regards water requirements, it was also euryecious since it is present in both the tropical and meso-xerophilous associations. FABACEAE Dalbergia beila HEER (Pl. I: Fig. 1) Only a small leaf remain of this species was found at a depth of 31.5 m in the core. It is 2.3 cm long and 1 cm wide. The shape of the lamina is ovate and slightly asymmetrical, its base is acute and the margin is entire, the apex is chipped out. The main veins are stout. Other parts of the venation cannot be seen because of the presence of organic matters. This plant is common in the localities of Tard Clay around Budapest, for example, in borehole marked H (HABLY 1979) and in the exposures of Szépvölgy and Csillaghegy in Budapest (RÁSKY 1943). Similarly small remains also occurred in boreholes marked H, where the largest remain was
