Kaszab Zoltán (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 73. (Budapest 1981)

Tóth, T.: The odontological aspect in the ethnogenesis of Hungarians, I.

cal traits of the Europoid racial stock (upper medial incisors showing the two forms 0 and 1). Does the shovel-shapedness of the maxillary insisors give an information about the proportion of the Mongoloid racial stock in the anthropological composition of Hungarian people? First of all it seems to be worth mentioning that the high frequency of the semi-shovel (form 2) and the shovel type (form 3) of the maxillary incisors is one of the most characteristic odontological traits of the Mongoloid racial stock (HANIHARA 1966). It has been found that in contrary to the medial incisors the lateral ones are characterized by the great variability and a stronger trend towards reduction and therefore the morphoscopic data concerning the lateral incisors sometimes are not reliable for evaluating their ethnogenetical significance (ZUBOV 1968a). Concentrating our attention on the morphoscopic characters of the medial maxillary incisors, i.e. semi-shovel (forms 2) and marked shovel (form 3), a well expressed dominancy of form 2 over form 3 has been found in every local group of Hungarian men (Table 1). The relation between these two forms seems to be very similar in respect to the upper lateral incisors, too (Table 2). Intercontinental comparative analyses carried out by ZUBOV (1968a) have shown that the summarized percentage value of the two forms (2+3) of the upper medial incisors of the Europoid populations varies between 0 and 15 per cent. The highest frequency of shovel-shaped incisors has been found among Mongoloids (75-100%). Odontoscopic values characteristic for mixed groups have an intermediary position between the above mentioned lowest and highest frequencies. Nevertheless ZUBOV (1968a) estimated a relatively high frequency of shovel-shaped incisors in the dental system of many people (Oraons, Munda, Santals) of India belonging to the Europoid area. Frequency distribution of the different forms of the odontoscopical traits among the living Kazakhs is very close to that of the Mongoloids (ZUBOV 1972, 1973). A comparative analysis of the summarized values (2+3) of the shovel-shapedness of the upper medial incisors according to the local groups of Hungarian men led to the conclusion that the Europoid odontoscopical traits have the lowest frequency in the southwestern somatological complex (Őrség — 6,8%), whereas their highest frequency has been found in the northwestern complex (Kisfalud — 14,3%) (Table 1). Our numerical data clearly show that the majority of the groups of Hungarian men are characterized by a higher frequency of shovel shapedness; similar frequencies have been estimated among certain peoples of the continental Eurasia belonging to intermediary and mixed groups. Odontoscopical traits having an intermediary position are present in the area of the Europoid racial stock, too. Low frequency values characterize the populations living in the so-called Szamosmellék (Matolcs 15.6%), whereas very high frequency values have been found in the Middle-Tisza Basin (Jászapáti 33.9%) (Table 1). The summarized formula (2+3) of the shovel-shapedness of the upper,.medial incisors reveals a very low freq*uency (17.8 %) of this trait in the groups of Hungarian men considered to be an entity. The frequency of this morphological trait is no doubt considerable among Hungarian men (6.8—33.9 %; Tables 1 and 2); in this respect Hungarian people are very close to the Azerbaidjans (4.0—22.0 %; GHASIMOVA 1979), to the Tadjiks (2.4—27.4 %; ZUBOV et al. 1979) and to the inhabitants of Daghestan (0.0—25.3 %; GHADZHIYEV 1979). In this connection we have to take into considerations the fact that odontoscopical traits of the East Ugor stand closer to those of the Mongoloid racial stock than those from Hungarian males (Table 3). There is no doubt about the similarity of the frequencies of the odontoscopical traits existing between the East Finns (Maris and Komi-Zyrians; Table 3) and Hungarian men. In clarifying the origin of Hungarian people one must consider the odonto-anthropological traits of the southern subcontinental area of the Europoid racial stock (Tadjiks, Azerbaidjans, Daghestans). Forms 2 and 3 are represented in the percentage values of the four forms of the medial maxillary incisors with a low frequency: 14.7 viz. 3.1. Relatively high frequencies (25—55 %) have been found not only in the Europo-