Kaszab Zoltán (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 71. (Budapest 1979)

Tóth, T.: Some factors in the morphological modification of human groups

larly reiterated) infiltrations did not surpass an area of three thousand kilometres diameter. This relationship might have led to the decrease of heterosis, proportionately with the increase of relatedness level. The essential point of the mechanism of infiltration in the mentioned time amplitude was that the standard units of social community, i.e. the tribes and tribal confederations, were ephemers in their populational composition. Namely, these standard units often disintegrate owing to biospheric or social reasons (Fig. 7), and their reorganization is accompanied by the exchange of the whole, or a part, of the original population. Accordingly, distinction should be made between historically less frequent migrations involving a great number of individuals and historically more frequent infiltrations involving a small number of individuals. In other words, sub-tribal population exchanges played a major role in the modification of anthropological-morphological spectrum in the different intra-areal processes during the course of prehistoric millenia. It appears that the infiltrations extended beyond the boundaries of the given areals, even if not very often, which is convincingly illustrated by the introduction of the hypermorphic component of Eastern Proto-Europoids into the Central Danibian Basin during the age of Great Migrations. The morphogenetic role of this component in the modification of the anthropological composition of the relatively gracile (hypomorphic) autochtonous population living here became more prominent in the second half of the first millenium. It is thus beyond doubt that the amalgamation of the morphological properties of different populations was determined by the inter-relation and historic exchange of biological and social factors. It appears, however, that among these factors heterosis and infiltration played the crucial role, whereas the social factor (infiltration) was considerably more important, thereby ensuring the regulatory function of exogamy in the ontogenetic survival (i.e. in the prevention or cancellation of inbreeding). Notes — 1. For the analysis of the epochal changes of characteristics, in addition to his own results, the author also resorted to the numerical data of BARTUCZ, LIPTÁK, NEMESKÉRI, DEZSŐ, FARKAS, KINGA ÉRY and WENGER (Hungary) and VLCEK (Czechoslovakia). 2. This paper was presented at the Xth International Congress of the Anthropological and Ethnological Sciences in New Delhi, held in 14 December, 1978. References ABDUSHELISVILI, M. G. (1960): Ob epochalnoi izmentshivosti antropologitsheskih priznakov. Kr. Soobshtsh. In-ta. Etnogr. AN SSSR, 33: 90-101. ABDUSHELISVILI, M. G. (1964): Taxonomitsheskoe znatshenie Skulovogo diametra dlia antropologitsheskoi klassifikatsii sovremennogo naselenia Kavkaza. — Sovrem. Antropol., Trudue Moskov. obshtsh. isp. prir., 14: 190-207. ALEXEYEV, V. P. (1967): Antropológia andronovskoi kulturue. — Sow Arch., 1: 22-26. ALEXEYEV, V. P. (1969): Proishozhdenie narodov Vostotshnoi Evropue (Kraniologitsheskoe issledovanie). — Moskva, p. 1-324. DEBETZ, G. F. (1948): Paleoantropológia SSSR. — Tr. In-ta. Etnogr. AN SSSR, 4: 3-391. DEBETZ, G. F. (1966): Fizitsheskiy tip ludei Dnepro Donetskoi kulturue. — Sov. Arch., 1: 14-22. FIRSHTEIN, B. V. (1970): Sarmatue Nizhnego Povolzhia v antropologitsheskom osveshtshenii. — In TÓTH, T. A. & FIRSHTEIN, B. V.: Antropologitsheskie dannue k vokrosou o velikom pereselenii narodov, Avarue i sarmatue, Nauka (Leningrad), p. 69-202. GHINSBOURGH, V. V. (1963): Kraniologitsheskaia harakteristika uzbekov (po materialam iz kladbishtsh Sheyhantaur v Taskente). — Tr. In-ta Etnogr. AN SSSR, 82, Antropol. sbor., 4: 96-121. HÜLSE, F. S. (1957): Exogamie et heterosis. — Arch. Suisses anthropol. gen., 22: 103-125. NIKITIUK, B. A. & FILIPPOV, V. I. (1975): Anthropological aspects in the genetics of human development. — Anthropologie (Brno), 13 (3): 223-236. OLIVIER, G. (1964): Heterosis et dominance dans les populations humaines. — C. R. Acad. Sc. Paris, 259: 4357-4360. RIQUET, R. (1968): Anthropologie du néolithique occidental. — Bull. Soc. Roy. Beige Anthropol. Préhist., 79: 143-150. TÓTH, T. (1973): On the morphological modification of anthropological series in the Central Danubian Basin.:

— Ann. Hist.-nat. Mus. Nat. Hung., 65: 323-350.