Kaszab Zoltán (szerk.): A Magyar Természettudományi Múzeum évkönyve 65. (Budapest 1973)

Szujkó-Lacza, J. ; Fekete, G.: Synphenological changes in the vegetation of a submediterranean oak forest (Orno-Quercetum)

A survey of the means of hibernation of the species also well characterizes the plant association in its totality, both ecologically and phytogeographically. On the basis of our observations we have therefore compiled a list of species overwintering: by either the entire or the partial assimilating surface (the term "partial" refers to the shoots developed during the preceding autumn by monocotyledons and dicotyledons, to the basal rosettes; in the case of lignifying species to the leafless shoot axes suitable for assimilation ; for this latter see SZUJKÓ-LACZA, FEKETE, & FALUDI-DÁNIEL 1970, SZUJKÓ-LACZA, N. RAKOVÁN, FEKETE & HORVÁTH 1972). Species hibernating by such means are : upper canopy layer : Fraxinus ornus, Quer eus cerris, Qu. pubescens; lower canopy or shrub layers: Acer campestre, Cerasus mahaleb, Cornus mas, Crataegus monogyna, C. oxyacantha, Euonymus europaeus, E. verrucosus, Ligustrum vulgare, Pyrus achras, Prunus spinosa,Ehamnuscathartica,liosa dumalis, Sorbus torminalis, Staphylea pinnata, Ulmus carpinifolia, Viburnum lantana; herb layer : Achillea pannonica, Brachypodium pinnatum, B. silvaticum, Campanula persicifolia, C. rapunculoides, Carduus collinus, Carex michelii, C. polyphylla, Dactylis glomerata, Erysimum pannonicum, Euphorbia cyparissias, Falcaria vulgaris, Fragaria vesca, Galium glaucum, G. mollugo, G. mollugo ssp. erectum, Geum urbanum, Hieracium cymosum, Inula conyza, Melica ciliata, M. uniflora, Oryzopsis virescens, Poa, pratensis ssp. angustifolia, Poa nemoralis, Teuer ium chamaedrys, Veronica chamaedrys, Viola alba. (A total of 46 species). Buds, shoot primordia, seeds are hypogeal during the winter in the case of the following species (they having thus an assimilating surface only in the chief vegetative period) : herb layer: Alliaria petiolata, Arum alpinum, Betonica officinalis, Bupleurum pachnospermum, Calamintha clinopodium, Gardaminopsis arenosa, Chrysanthemum corymbosum, Clematis vitaiba, Coronilla varia, Cynanchum vincetoxicum, Dictamnus albus, Euphorbia polychroma, Hypericum perforatum, Lapsana communis, Laser trilobum, Lathyrus niger, Lithospermum purpureo-coeruleum, Melandrium album, Melittis grandiflora, Orlaya grandiflora, Polygonatum latifolium, P. odoratum, Pulmonaria moltissima, Sedum maximum, Tor His japonica, Trifolium alpestre, Vicia sparsiflora, V. tetrasperma. (A total of 28 species). The species of the first group - constituting 62% of the total-are able to assimilate for some hours on favourable late autumn, winter, or even more on late winter-early spring days. By this, the submediterranean association, by reason of its most abundant species, "brings forward", prior to bud bursting in favourable weather, the beginning of the vegetative period, prolongs its end and thus stretches its duration. Our investigations in this sphere and with respect to our home forests belong among the first. KÁRPÁTI & KÁRPÁTI (1955) has already studied, for establishing the means of overwintering, the members of the association Festucetum vaginatae danubiale, registrating a strong autumnal growth in the herbaceous species. Changes per month of phenological phenomena in Orno-Quercetum April is the main period of the growth of assimilating surfaces (shoot axes and leaf surfaces) also in the investigated association (1970); accordingly, species attaining the vegetative phase in their development predominate (58 species). The appearance of the flowering axis, blossoming or its end can be observed in the populations of 9 species. Bupleurum pachnospermum, Melandrium album, Melittis grandiflora, Orlaya grandiflora have not yet appeared epigeously, and the buds of Sorbus torminalis and Staphylea pinnata are yet hardly swollen.