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Fekete, G. ; Szujkó-Lacza, J.: A survey of the plant life-form systems and the respective research approaches III. Rankiaer's life-form conception. The application of life-forms in the characterization of phytoclimate and in vegetation analysis

culture effects, and if the intensity of the culture effect exceeds their limits of tolerance, the species (and of course their life-form) will disappear, ceding their space to the annuals. For the same reasons, it is not the life-forms but the populations of species which indicate the varying ecological conditions, in e.g. a forest standing on a substrate rich in nutritive substances. More precisely: the indicator role of the life-forms is merely indirect. All these do not mean that the indications and information rendered by the lifeforms cannot (and should not

) be utilized. Life-form spectra should be regarded as a means of control of a hypothesis (if the problem posed in an investigated association is that every life-form may occur in whichever frequency). If, as the next step, the nearer cause of the presence of the given life-forms predominating in the spectrum (in fact: the presence of species belonging to the given life-forms) is not drawn under investigation, the study itself will be made shallower. References: ADAMSON, R. S. (1939): The Classification of Life-Forms of Plants. The Bot. Rev. 5: 546-561. — ALLAN, H. H. (1937): A consideration of the "biological spectra" of New Zeeland. Jour. Ecol. 25: 116 — 138. — ANDREÁNSZKY, G. (1954): Az életforma fejlődési központokról (Developmental centres of life forms). Bot. Közi. 44: 77—84. — AjieKcandpoea, B. ff. (1969): Knacca^HKauHH pacTHTejibHocTbn (Principles of classification and classification systems of various phytocoenological schools). JleHHHrpafl, pp. 274. — BATANOUNY, K. H. & BATANOUNY M. H. (Ï968): Formation of Phytogenic Hillocks, I. Acta Bot. Hung. 14: 243—252. — BATANOUNY, K. H. & BATANOUNY, M. H. (1969): Formation of Phytogenic Hillocks, II. Acta Bot. Hung. 15: 1—18. — BIEBL, R. (1962): Protoplasmatische Ökologie der Pflanzen I. Wasser und Temperatur. Protoplasmatologie 12. — BRAUN —BLANQUET, J. (1964): Pflanzensoziologie. Wien—New York, pp. 865. (1st edn. 1928, 2nd edn. 1951). — BURSTRÖM, H. & KROGH, A. (1946): The biochemistry of the development of buds in trees and the bleeding sap, JBiol. Med. 20: 1—27. — CAIN,S. A.(1950): Life-forms and Phytoclimate. The Bot. Rev. 16: 1—32. — CAIN, S. A. & CASTRO, G. M. O. (1959): Manual of Vegetation Analysis. New York, pp. 325. — DAUBENMIRE, R. F. (1954): Vegetation classification. Actuelle Probleme der Pflanzensoziologie. Veröff. des Geobot. Inst. Rubel, 29: 29-34. — ELLENBERG, H. (1956): Aufgaben und Methoden der Vegetationskunde. Einführung in die Phytologie 4/1: pp. 136. — ELLENBERG, H. (1968): Wege der Geobotanik zum Verständnis der Pflanzendecke. Die Naturwissenschaften 55: 462 — 470. — ELLENBERG, H. & MUELLER—

DOMBOIS, D. (1967): A key to Raunkiaer plant life forms with revised subdivisions. Veröff. des Geobot. Inst. Rubel 37: 56-73. — Du RIETZ, G. E. (1931): Life forms of terrestrial flowering plants. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 3: 1 — 91. — Du RIETZ, G. E. (1939): Zur Kenntnis der Vegetation des Sees Tâkern. Acta Phytogeogr. Suec. 12: 1 — 65. — FELFÖLDY, L. (1942): Szociológiai vizsgálatok a pannóniai flóraterület gyomvegetációján (Soziologische Untersuchungen über die pannonische Ruderalvegetation). Acta Geobot. Hung. 5: 87 — 140. — FELFÖLDY, L. (1943): Növényszociológia (Plant sociology). Debrecen, pp. 133. — FELFÖLDY, L. (1951): Oikológiai növényföldrajzi módszerek (Methods of plant ecology). Növényföldrajzi térképezési tanfolyam jegyzete, 49—74. Budapest. — GAMS, H. (1918): Prinzipienfragen der Vegetationsforschung. Zürich, pp. 205. — Tonyôee, B. H. (1957): MaTepnajibi K eKOjroro-MopdpoJiorHHecKoiî HreHeTHiecKoft >KH3HeHKi>rx (popM TpaBiiHHCTbix pacTeHnfi. — Eom. Mypu., 42: 1055 — 1072. — HAGERUP, O. (1930): Etude des types biologiques de Rankiaer dans la flore autour de Tombouctou. Copenhague. — HANSEN, H. M. (1956): Life forms as age indicators. Copenhagen, pp. 50. — HORÁNSZKY, A. (1963): Homogenity investigations on life-forms of shrub forests. Acta Bot. Hung. 9: 21—24. — Hpoiuemo, 77. A. (1961): reo6oTaHHica (Geobotany). MocKBa—JleHHHrpafl, 474. — Ka3apmi, B. O. (1959): <J?n3HOJiorH4ecKHe OCHOBW oHToreHe3a pacTeHHH. EpeBaH. — LIPPMAA, TH. (1933): Grundzüge der pflanzensoziologischen Methodik nebst einer Klassifikation der Pflanzenassoziationen Estlands. Acta Inst, et Horti Bot. Univ. Tartuensis, 3: 140-169. — LIPPMAA, TH. (1939): The unistratal concept of plant communities (the Unions). Amer. Midi. Natur. 21. — JJunnMaa, Tx. (1946): O CHHV3HÍIX. CoBeTCxaa EoTaHHica 14: 139 — 145. — MASING, V. (1958): 4 TT. Múzeum Évkönyve 1971