Czére Andrea szerk.: A Szépművészeti Múzeum közleményei (Budapest, 2008)

DÉNES GABLER AND ANDRÁS MÁRTON: Head-Pots in the Antiquities Collection

family, the hairstyles of jugs with spouts shaped like female heads, which date to the Antonine period, show that the products of these workshops date to the second half of the second century, or the first half of the third. Several members of the Pullaeni family were also involved in the production of lamps.

46 A lack of archaeological documentation (not only the detailed contexts, but even the findspots are frequently unknown) make to localize the workshops- and suggest a date especially difficult. But these difficulties can to some extent be compensated for by workshop data. Of African stamped wares, the earlier, better pieces can be dated to the end of the second century. Inscriptions (e.g. amo vinum) prove that these vases were used as wine jugs.

47 Sometimes these inscriptions about the pleasures of wine and drinking help in localising production. Precedents for figure vases, both with and without inscriptions, are found in the Eastern Mediterranean basin at much earlier dates (Tanagra, Rhenaia, Skyros).

48 Vases of the "drunken old woman" (anus ebria) type

—which were made also in the Pullaeni workshop

— can be dated by the material of the Delos cemetery to the period before the destruction of 69 BC.

49 This type appears (at least in the known archaeological record) first in the second century BC.

50 All of this points to the jugs from Skyros, like the pieces from Tanagra and Rhenaia, having been made at the end of the second century or the beginning of the first century BC. The connection between the head shaped lagynoi and the oinophoros production of Asia Minor is unquestionable (see example in the Louvre).

51 Certain special formal traits of African figure vases can also be traced back to Asia Minor types. The Dionysiac features of the "drunken old woman" type were of major inspiration to the potters of North Africa.

32 The Negroid type, which is related to the satyrs and Silenoi, was another early human facial type. Black faces are a standard type of ancient figure vases; and they continued in a wide variety of forms down into the Roman period.

33 The subject could look back to a long iconographie and typological tradition (e.g. Myron's work).

34 There were strong craft connections between Asia Minor and those of North Africa under the Middle Empire, as is shown by glass from Syrian, eastern terra sigillata and the glazed relief ware from Tarsos, all of which are found in North Africa.

33 It is hardly by chance that we find North African sigillata ware that is decorated with the imprint of a coin of Gordian III, minted in Tarsos.

56 One consequence of imports from Asia Minor was the development of the Afircan economy and of long-distance trade.

57 These connections explain the presence of pottery from Asia Minor in North Africa, and also how the ceramic wares of Pergamum and Cnidus were able to exercise such an influence on local North African workshops. This perhaps explains why certain shapes and ornamental forms can be found in North Africa which were already absolete in Asia Minor. This independent development continued in North Africa until the fourth century.