Csornay Boldizsár - Dobos Zsuzsa - Varga Ágota - Zakariás János szerk.: A Szépművészeti Múzeum közleményei 100. (Budapest, 2004)

SZILÁGYI, JÁNOS GYÖRGY: "La gigantesque horreur de l'ombre Herculéenne" Apulian Red-Figure Vases Decorated in Superposed Colours

of the same shape: it was easy to reproduce and required neither much time nor any further invention. This was the Red Swan Group, whose antecedents (amongst which, the Budapest vase) could be labelled as the 'proto-Red Swan Group to underline the connection.

23 One dump in the potter's quarter at Metaponto, which can be dated to the thirties of the 4th century, yielded a fragment of a vase belonging to the Red Swan Group

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, rendering it likely that the workshop producing the pieces of the group could be found here, though the position of other known sites gives evidence of their having spread towards Eastern Lucania in the valley of the Bradano and the Basento, as well as towards Peucetia and Daunia.

25 It is yet to be verified whether these vases and their relatives were produced in Metaponto with the primary purpose of exporting them to the native population or not.

26 The inexactness of terminology caused some confusion in the case of the Hanau Group, similar to that of the Red Swan Group. Panayides, who also wanted to merge the Hanau Group in a 'single class' with the other two, argued about the difference, saying that it is of'exclusively stylistic nature' (ausschliesslich stilistischer Natur),

27 in other words, precisely the feature that - for Beazley - served as the basis to distinguish a group. Nevertheless, in this case, we can make some headway. Beazley was aware of only three Hanau vases, so it is clear why he did not characterise them in detail, simply noting instead that the pieces belonging to this group were stemless cups of the 'boisai' type, decorated on both sides with owls framed by olive branches.

28 The group has substantially increased since then, both in the number of published items or items mentioned in publications

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, as well as pieces still awaiting publication. (One of this latter series found its way to the Museum of Fine Arts in Budapest, fig. 17).

30 On the strength of this material, some further features characterising the group emerged. One of them is that, contrary to what we find in the Red Swan and Xenon Group, decoration here is not in silhouette but is outline-drawing; the other concerns that characteristic feature of the shape that it is to be found only in miniature size, a fact which shows - according to the research of De Juliis - that the Hanau cups were made between 375 and 300.

31 23 See already Greco, op. cit. (n. 9), 72. 24 F. D'Andria, in Metaponto, eds. D. Adamesteanu, D. Mertens, and F. D'Andria, vol. 1, (NSc 29 [1975] Supplemente), Roma 1980, 437, no. 369, fig. 70 (on dating, 435). 23 De Juliis, op. cit. (n. 11), 142 and pi. 9 (Metaponto is not mentioned among the listed sites). 26 Robinson, op. cit. 1996 (n. 12), 448. 2/ Panayides, op. cit. (n. 13), 15. 28 EVP (n. 10), 222-23. On the 'boisai' shape, see Sparkes and Talcott, op. cit. (n. 4), 107-8; the name dates back to Beazley. 29 E.g., K. Schauenburg, RM 92 (1985), 60, nn. 123, 124; Panayides, op. cit. (n. 13), 13 and pi. 4; Schauenburg, op. cit. 2001 (n. 7), 65, n. 545; De Juliis, op. cit. (n. 11), 146. 30 Inv. no. 50.913, hight: 3,7 cm. From the collection of Vince Wartha. 31 On shape and dating, De Juliis, op. cit. (n. 11), 144-46.