Kiss Kitti: Kovácsolt és öntöttvas edények a magyar szabadtéri múzeumokban (A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum tárgykatalógusai, Skanzen könyvek. Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2012)

Melléklet

Enamelled cast iron vessels—weighing 3,000,000 kgs— were sold valuing nearly 1.5 million Crowns; 63 percent of this was produced in Hungary 51 percent of the total value.The distribution of the entire vessel production in Hungary was as follows: Enamelled tin vessels: 71.5 percent; tinned, zinced and white sheet vessels: 9.29 percent; sheet nickel and copper vessels: 0.55 percent; toy vessels: 0.06 percent, saucepans: 0.66 percent, cast iron vessels raw: 3.66 percent, enamelled cast iron vessels: 16.15 percent. Exports of iron vessels increased and imports decreased until 1909. 57 percent of imports were enamelled tin vessels and 26 percent were enamelled cast iron vessels. Ironworks in Voivodina exported raw cast iron kettles and polenta pan lids in 1909 into Romania and a lesser quantity into Galicia; exports were 172,000 kgs and imports from Austria were 68,700 kgs. 1,907,000 kgs enamelled cast iron vessels were imported from Austria and half of it from Czech factories —Pitsen, Prague, Dobrisch, Vienna, Graz and Cilli). Imports were 363,200 kgs mainly into the Balkans, Romania, Galicia and Bukovina. The data of the two statistics show that in 1898 the production of enamelled cast iron vessels was much bigger but in 1906 it turned entirely the other way round and by that time the overall quantities significantly increased; more and more sheet vessels were manufactured but within the entire production cast iron vessels were made in somewhat bigger quantities than formerly. Together with the imported goods the consumption of sheet vessels increased nearly threefold; the sales of cast iron vessels did not change to such extent. COLOUR OF VESSELS To determine the age of the vessels it is important to know the colours used in manufacturing. At the beginnings in Europe the coating of the different enamelled vessels was white as they wanted to imitate the expensive porcelain vessels, especially bathroom bowls and cans. Later, with the development of technologies, more colours were applied. The early appearance of white colour on cooking vessels in Hungary was proven by the above advertisement in Suday Paper in 1856—"cooking vessel with white enamel". The "iron vessel" entry in Pallas Lexicon also referred to white enamel. Iron and metal industry statistics in 1898 provided information on the raw materials used for the enamelling matters in the factories of the period. The colours were produced using the following materials

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0: putty of tin 23,300 kgs white, cobalt-oxide 1,600 kgs blue, black manganese 600 kgs brown, zinc-oxide 500 kgs white, minium 300 kgs red and smalte 200 kgs blue. Other materials were used to make glass—quarz, borax, lead-oxide—and to promote adhesion—cobalt-oxide and nickel-oxide. The data show that primarily white enamel was produced and blue in lesser quantities. Besides the external blue and internal white enamel very few cast iron vessels were made in other colours like brown-orange transitional colours. FACTORIES AND TRADEMARKS The marks of the vessels made with forging technologies were non-series; they did not recur so they are not listed separately; they can be found in the descriptions of the objects. The vessels manufactured in forging mills did not bear trademarks; they had sheet bodies with wrought legs and handles. According to statistical data on 1898 and 1906, big quantities of such wrought vessels were only made in the forging mill of Gyula Plander and Co. in Merény. In Merény iron forging mills worked since the 18th c.; some closed and the rest was in the ownership of the Plander family since the 18th c. Pallas Lexicon says that at the end of the 19th c. two facturies producing saucepans and one hoe forging mill worked in Merény which was populated mainly by Germans.

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1 Map 1. Place of manufacturing of the vessels. Kőbánya: This mark can be seen on 11 vessels—a shining sun in a circle, below six-pointed stars and sometimes "Kőbánya". The Hungarian Metal and Lamp Factory Co. (Testory Metal and Lamp Factory Co.) was founded in 1883. It produced enamelled vessels since 1923. It was called Lampart since 1932. Salgótarján HF: 5 vessels bear this mark, 2 bear HF, 2 bear only "Salgótarján" and 1 bears only HF. In 1896 Keszler, Böhm and Bauer merchants and pawnshop owners received permission to establish an iron foundry and machine factory in Salgótarján. This factory merged with Hirsch and Frank iron foundry unlimited Co. in Budapest in 1898 and Hirsch and Frank Budapest-Salgótarján Machine Factory and Iron foundry Co. was founded. In 1922 the company producing enamelled stoves, cooking stoves and cast iron vessels went through a new transition and its name was changed into Budapest-Salgótarján Machine Factory and Iron foundry. 3

9 4. White tin. tinned and zinced tin vessels, 10 factories: Bachmann S. Ottó Bp., Ignácz Demjén Bp.. Fuchs and Schlichter Bp., Szomolnok, Hungarian metal sheet industry Co. Bp., Adolf Spindler Bp., Alfa separator Co. Bp., Metal sheet, tin industry and canning factory Co. Bp., Boross brothers Bp., Tivadar Gold and Co. Bp., Bogdáj and Co. Bp., Károly Piffl Temesvár 9

0 The materials used are given in kgs and the colours gained from the minerals are listed. " Pallas Lexicon ..Merény"; ..Jó szerencsét" Journal of mining and smelting, III, 2, 10 October 1909 37