Kiss Kitti: Kovácsolt és öntöttvas edények a magyar szabadtéri múzeumokban (A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum tárgykatalógusai, Skanzen könyvek. Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2012)

Melléklet

WROUGHT AND CAST IRON KITCHEN VESSELS The collections of the Hungarian Open Air Museum Szentendre contain about one thousand kitchen vessels made of various metals. Among them there is a distinct group of 237 wrought and cast iron pieces. Including the similar pieces of the regional open-air museums, the catalogue presents as many as 363 vessels. The rest of the vessels are made of copper, iron, tin and aluminium; the observation of them will be contained in our next catalogue due to the big amount, the different manufacturing technologies and histories. The vessels presented were made in the second half of the 19th and the first half of the 20th centuries. Based on their manufacturing they have three types—ID hand-wrought and riveted, (2) forged in mills and (3) vessels cast in ironworks and foundries. The process of replacing the former earthen vessels with metal vessels was relating with the significant innovation of the 19th c.—the spread of the cooking stove. Besides the expensive metal vessels considered earlier as prestige objects the factury-made cast iron vessels were gradually accessible from the end of the 18th c. Hand-wrought iron vessels had been made before that time too; their numbers grew with the manufacturing in forging mills. In the Hungarian farming households, together with the earthen vessels, cast iron vessels were also used for cooking both on open fire and stoves from the second half of the 19th c. Owing to the technical innovations in the manufacturing of vessels at the end of the 19th c., enamelled sheet vessels were available cheaper and in bigger quantities at the beginning of the 20th c. but there were still a lot of cast iron vessels made and sold. These two types almost completely ousted earthen vessels between WWI and WWII and later the cast iron vessels too were gradually ousted. The photo collection of the kitchen utensils in the Hungarian Folk Architecture Archives contains only sheet vessels used on cooking stoves from the end of the 1960s. EUROPEAN BACKGROUND

1 People in Europe were interested in replacing the earthen vessels with metal vessels from as early as ancient times; the process of replacement started in the towns of Northwest Europe. Bronze pans were used in forts and towns in the 13th and 15th c. Bronze vessels with legs were first made by bell-founders in North-West Europe around 1200. Metal ' Summarised by Tamás Hoffmann, HOFFMANN, T. 2001, p. 380, pp. 391-395 2 RIDOVICS, A. - TOMKA, G. 2005, pp. 209-210. vessels conveyed heat better and were more durable but they were very expensive. Cheaper earthen vessels with legs were made after legged metal vessels for the village people too. The sailors of North-West Europe helped the spread of metal vessels as they were more practical for cooking on ships because they were not fragile and a smaller fire was enough for them. The metal vessels used by seamen conquered the civil households from the harbours. As early as in the 15th c. iron was cast in the valley of the river Rhine as this raw material was available at a low cost for vesselmakers. In this period more and more metal vessels were bo ught in North-West Europe. Legged vessels used on the stove seats started to spread in the 15th c. and became common in the 18th c. The place of cooking on the ground was raised onto the gradually rising stove seats that reached the hight of tables and at the same time wrought and cast iron vessels became more and more important; they were covered with lids and were used at the North Sea. Flat pans put on iron tripods spread in the 17th and 18th c.; people cooked in them on embers beneath them. Following the Industrial Revolution the manufacturing of cast iron made progress and became cheaper. Earthen vessels could be replaced by cast iron pans accessible for the common people, however, iron vessels became cheap mass products in the 19th c. only. Picture 1. Museum of Ethnography 58550. Gypsy woman cooking in earthen pot and in cast iron pan before the oven. Bogyiszló, Pest County. Sándor Ébner, 1928 EARTHEN VESSELS AND METAL COOKING VESSELS IN HUNGARY In Hungary mainly earthen vessels were used on open-fire stoves; expensive metal vessels were in use in the kitchens of the better-off only. Copper cauldrons were supposed to be in use from the settlement in the 9th c. and copper and bronze pans were thought to be used from the rule of Árpád. The use of bronze and copper vessels in towns can be proven from the late Middle Ages; metal vessels and kettles were found in the inventories of forts in the 17th c. and among the archeological findings in the 16th and 17th c.

2 The literature makes mention of the spread of the factorymade metal vessels in farming households in relation to the common use of cooking stoves.

3 Ethnographical texts about particular regions and areas often describe the change in vessels, parallel with the disappearance of open chimneys and the changes of the heating equipment which took place in different periods in the various regions. 1 KISBÁN, E. 1997, pp. 436-437; SABJÁN, T. 2002; Lexicon of Ethnography, pan, entry 1 BARNA, G. 1988, p. 204; FELHŐSNÉ CSISZÁR, S. 1986, p. 468 32