Cseri Miklós: Néprajz és muzeológia, Tanulmányok a népi építészet és a múzeumi etnográfia köréből (Studia Folkloristica et Ethnographica 51. Debrecen ,Szentendre, Debreceni Egyetem Néprajzi Tanszék, 2009)

TELEPÜLÉS - ÉPÍTÉSZET - LAKÁSKULTÚRA - ETHNOGRAPHY AND MUSEOLOGY STUDIES IN FOLK ARCHITECTURE AND MUSEOLOGICAL ETHNOGRAPHY

also reinforce this difference. In addition to the areas in the present name of the count)' (Borsod, Abaúj and Zemplén), the remaining territories of three former counties (Torna, GömörKishont, and Szabolcs, bearing the names of three Bodrogköz settlements) also belong to this region. These former public admmistrational connections frequently used to be also cultural connections, thus providing possibilities for newer and somewhat different educational influences, some of which already point across the state border. Finally, it should also be noted that, in the area of the historically defined county, there have been living from the early centuries of the Middle Ages on various ethnic groups of Germans, Slovaks, Ruthenians, Poles, Jews, and Greeks, representing their own different individual cultures and religions. As a matter of course, all this is reflected in the buildings located in the individual settlements as well as in the general image of folk architecture of the county. The present paper discusses an assortment of issues concerning the folk architecture of this region. FOLK ARCHITECTURE IN KISGYŐR The settlement Kisgyőr is located in Borsod County, about 20 kilometers from Miskolc. Individual sources contained references to it as early as in the 13

t

h century. In the beginning, it belonged to the Diósgyőr demesne, then to the Eger chapter of the church, but was returned to the demesne and stayed in its possession until the latter ceased to exist. Part of its population disappeared under the Turkish occupation, and then Hungarians resettled in it in the 17'

1' century from Bihar and Szabolcs Counties. In Kisgyőr, one of the general rules of folk architecture seems to have been dominant, which is about how the building materials and construction techniques that are available in the immediate vicinity and, consequently, are the easiest and least expensive to obtain, should be used at all times. Thus, there might also be certain cases that seem irregular within the overall general picture. SETTLEMENT-ETHNOGRAPHICAL DATA FROM THE SZUHA VALLEY The establishment and development possibilities of the network of settlements in the Sz'iha Valley have been determined by the geographical conditions and the socio-economic relations of the villages. The primary dicisive factor for settlement has been agriculture, whereas the individual settlements have also adapted themselves to the geographical features of the land surface. The villages involved in our survey are basically located in deforested glades. Proofs of the intensive inter-relatedness of human beings and the surrounding wilderness are the agricultural areas wedged into the forests on the edges of the settlements or the amount of wood used in a variety of ways inside the settlements. The settlement structure is a one-street lined format, which follows the watercourse of the creek running through the villages. The settlement-ethnographical differences present in the villages of the Szpha Valley -go back to distinct historical, economic, and social reasons. The division of the population of the villages according to social orders was also reflected in the images of the settlements. When the social and economic forces that had been responsible for this division were not effective any more, the differences also disappeared very quickly. Consequently, following the disappearance of the land monopoly of the noble class, the termination of their exclusive possession of yoke power, and the removal of earlier social conventions, a powerful leveling began in the social hierarchies of the villages, which fairly soon had an 411