Cseri Miklós: Néprajz és muzeológia, Tanulmányok a népi építészet és a múzeumi etnográfia köréből (Studia Folkloristica et Ethnographica 51. Debrecen ,Szentendre, Debreceni Egyetem Néprajzi Tanszék, 2009)
TELEPÜLÉS - ÉPÍTÉSZET - LAKÁSKULTÚRA - ETHNOGRAPHY AND MUSEOLOGY STUDIES IN FOLK ARCHITECTURE AND MUSEOLOGICAL ETHNOGRAPHY
more widespread. They were more or less general in the 18 t h century on the plains ( Alföld) but, in the hilly or mountaineous araes covered with forests, they replaced wooden constructions only in the second half of the 18 t U century. At the end of the 19' 1' century and at the beginning of the 20 t h century, die majority of peasants' houses were built out of rammed earth. According to the first reliable statistics prepared during the 1890 census, 49.90 % of the houses were built with adobe or pisé walls. The maps drawn on the basis of the data of the 1910 census indicated a similar proportion: 50.5 %. These statistics were collected from the entire area of Hungary before the Paris Peace Treaty, which means that they also included the figures of wooden houses in Transylvania (Erdély), in the northern parts that belong to Slovakia today (Felvidék), and in the region across the river Dráva (Drávántúl), which fact makes them even more notewordiy. However, in the middle part of contemporary Hungary, which more or less covers the flat or hilly area of our country at present, the ratio of houses made of adobe or earth was about 90—100 %. This essay is meant to present building materials and structures used in die Hungarian folk style of architecture. BUILDING MATERIALS AS THE OBJECTS OF BARTERING In accordance with the distribution of tasks and responsibilities at this conference, my presentation will not concentrate on the bartering practices and migration-related phenomena available within the individual settlements or regions. My objective is to explore the bartering and migration-related connections taking place in folk architecture, i.e. in one of the most significant fields of folk culture, based upon mainly the available literature. The complexity of the topic and the richness of data accessible on the bartering of building materials have made it necessary for me to restrict my paper's coverage according to certain geographical boundaries. Thus, the scope of my investigation this time will cover the areas east of the Danube in Hungary before the Paris Peace Treaty, mcluding chiefly the system of relationships between what is called Felvidék [verbatim: the upper (i.e. northern) parts] and Alföld [verbatim: the lower (i.e. southern) parts] but also making use of relevant data from Erdély [Transylvania] and other parts, too. THE EFFECT OF TRADING IN STONE ON THE FOLK ARCHITECTURE IN NORTHERN HUNGARY In Northern Hungary, we have got to know the practice and die material use of folk construction in stone better and better, thanks to the research findings of recent years. By mapping up the currently operating quarries that are suitable for construction purposes, we have seen that the important stone supplying centers and regions have been established that provide the necessary raw material for their immediate or larger environments. From the efficiently operating quarries, the stone arrived in the areas that are poor in stone dirough an active and large-scale series of barters. This chain of barters had an impact of variable magnitude on folk architecture. In the immediate surroundings of quames, in individual villages of die petty nobility or of specific edinic (German) population, contiguous sections or small regions of stone-based architecture were formed. However, in economically disadvantaged villages with less affluent populations located further away from the quarryheads, which were also more difficult to access physically, bartering in stone could only be a modifying factor in the overall image of residentail or other constructions. In these latter instances, stone was just one of the several building materials used, in order to add a certain extent of variety to the available choices. 409
