VÁROS ÉS FALU HATÁRÁN (Kiállítási katalógusok - Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 2010)
te a borkimérést. A városi csaplárosokat a borbírók fogadták föl. Esküt kellett tenniük, hogy ,igaz mértékkel" (hitelesen) mérnek, a bort nem tékozolják, vizezik; általában hűségesen kezelik a rájuk bízott mennyiséget. A kocsmák hangulatát kiszolgált katonák meséi, vándor komédiások mutatványai, kockajáték és persze kiadós verekedések biztosították. A 20. század elején egyre több kocsma udvarán megjelent a kugli, ami aztán évtizedekig a legkedveltebb kocsmai játék lett Magyarországon. Jellegzetes kocsmai szokások alakultak ki. Legtöbbször itt zajlott le a legényavatás, vagyis az a szertartás, melynek során az ifjút számos „rakoncátlan próbán alaposan megvallatván" a legényközösségbe beavatták. A kocsma elképzelhetetlen zene nélkül, előkerültek a dudák, citerák, majd pedig nem ritkán egy-egy cigánybanda muzsikált a kocsma vendégeinek. There are several places where people can have a few drinks —pubs have been the scenes of social gatherings for centuries. Pub-keepers had to have specific rights to run a pub, that is, a licensed saloon in the settlement. In the towns where the civic population lived mainly A tordasi Hangya Szövetkezet kocsmája. (SzNM MNÉAF75423) The pub of the "ant" co-operative in Tordas, (SzNM MNÉA F 75423) on viticulture wine-makers were allowed to sell their own wine provided they paid for the license. There were temporary pubs—ember inns or quarter pubs where wine was sold between Saint Michaels Day and Christmas or New Year's Day —and there were permanent pubs. In the so-called dry pubs beer was not sold. Speakeasy, the selling of wine without license was called blind selling. Pubs were built at busy junctions like fairs, markets, gates and roads leading out of towns. From the 18th century, parallel with the rise of the population, the number of pubs had a significant increase as well —there were even several dozens at one single settlement. The equipment of the drinking room included a long trestle-table, stools and benches without backs and a dresser with the drinking vessels. The wine-table was closed off in a corner with a wooden grid —the wine-catcher. It was the storage place of the fragile dishes, the wine to sell and when there was a fight, the pub-keeper hid there. In the market-towns in the Highlands where people had a license the drinking room was one of the rooms on the ground floor of the house . A sign outside the house indicated the selling of wine —either temporary or permanent. The sign was a green branch tied either with a red or white ribbon, depending on the type of wine sold. The pub-keepers were employed by the wine magistrates. They had to take an oath that they would use "real measurements", would not waste or dilute the wine and in general they would handle the wine at their disposal with the greatest fidelity. The atmosphere was ensured by the tales of veterans, the stunts of wandering artists, dice and, naturally, big fights. Bowling, which turned to be the most popular in Hungary, was played in more and more pubs at the beginning of the 20th century. Typical traditions started in the pubs —in initiations young men were "thoroughly questioned" in several mischievous probations before they were accepted in the circle of their peers. There is no pub without music —pipes, zithers and often gypsy bands entertained the customers. (Sári Zsolt)
