Cseri Miklós, Füzes Endre (szerk.): Ház és ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum évkönyve 6. (Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 1990)

BALASSA M. IVÁN: Az Alsó-Garam menti magyar falvak települése, építkezése és lakásberendezése

heißt, im südlichen Teil der Komitate Heves und Nógrád, in den Gegenden des Komitats Pest, die zu dieser Zone gehören und wie gesehen, entlang des unteren Laufes der Gran. Hinsichtlich der Gegenden, die von hier westlich liegen, wird weder das Vorkommen, noch der Termin von Antal FILEP erwähnt. Zusammenfassend die im Laufe der Untersuchungen der volkstümlichen Bauten in Szőgyén, Bart, Bény und Kisgyarmat gesammelten Erfahrungen, bin ich der Auffassung, daß dieses Gebiet in vieler Hinsicht ein Treffpunkt der Wohnhäuser des Tieflandes bzw. derjenigen des nördlichen Types ist. Es sind mehrere Erscheinungen zu beobachten, die darauf hinweisen, daß in einem zeitlich genau unbestimmbaren Zeitalter, die Grenzlinie der beiden Hausgebiete, die historisch verschiedenen Ausgangspunkt und eine abweichende Entwicklung aufwiesen, sich gerade hier, entlang des Flusses Gran erstreckte. Die aufgrund der derzeitigen Sammlungen festgestellten Charakterzüge deuten darauf hin, daß die Wohnhäuser des geprüften Gebietes dem tiefländischen Haustyp näher stehen. Einige Angaben zeigen jedoch darauf hin, daß das Haustyp, das allgemein als nordungarisch bezeichnet werden kann, in der Entwicklung der Volksarchitektur entlang des unteren Laufs der Gran ebenfalls eine Rolle spielte. Iván Balassa M. SETTLEMENT, ARCHITECTURE AND HEATING DEVICES IN HUNGARIAN VILLAGES ON THE LOWER OF THE RIVER GARAM Few data are available on the vernacular architecture in the villages inhabited by Hungarians and stretching along the lower reaches of the river Garam. Besides the rather general description given by Zsigmond MÓRICZ all we could rely on was the report of József Lajos NOVAK who gave some information of the vernacular architecture of Bény (Bina). The only addition to these report, all dating from the beginning of the century, was the newspaper article by Endre BUDAI. This is, among others, the reason why we have decided to publish this study of descriptive character, based on collection done in 1974. The four villages, studied, Kisgyarmat (Sikenicke), Bény, Bart (Brúty) and Szőgyén (Svodin), mainly consist of streets to whose line the regularly placed houses on their ribbon plots are oriented perpendiculary (utcás, fésűs beépítésű). At the same time in the parts where those who owned no land, the earlier cotters, lived in Kisgyarmat, Bény and Szőgyén, a kind of agglomeration, too, can be observed. The main building on the plot, the dwelling house, was also to serve for the purposes of all kinds of farm buildings. There scarcely are any separate structures in the yard, the only one which can be termed comparatively permanent being the pigsty. On the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries dwelling houses had two, also socially determined, patterns. Those who owned no land erected houses of roomkitchen-pantry arrangement, whereas a landed farmer's house had a room-kitchen-pantry-stabble-barn groundplan. The room-kitchen-pantry arrangement for the landless layer of population was preceded by the type consisting purely of room and kitchen. The „tisztaszoba" (clean room), and with this the room-kitchen-room arrangement, appeared comparatively late as a form of smallholders' houses. Its first traces date back to the 1880s and it only became universally accepted in our century. The pantry of the original room-kitchen-pantry nucleus always opened to the yard and served, besides storage, for sleeping place from time to time. Groundplans, similar to those found along the LowerGaram, appear, as Antal FILEP reports, to the south south-west and west of this territory, in the counties Győr, Komáron and Moson as they existed before the last World War. The one-line groundplan arrangement can however be considered general from Sopron county, through the ones mentioned, up to Nyitra, Bars, Esztergom and Hont counties. All over this wide region it was a general characteristic of houses that the dwelling place (room, or rooms) opened from the kitchen, (here called pitvar) and was unknown the arrangement that used to be general in Central and Western Transdanubia, where the doors of the rooms and other places opened straight from the courtyard. The long-houses that existed to both the west and the east of the villages studied, did not occur in them, and were not even remembered to have occurred. As this