Kecskés Péter (szerk.): Ház és ember, A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum Közleményei 1. (Szentendre, Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum, 1980)

Tanulmányok - BALASSA M. IVÁN : Dél-Borsod település- és építéstörténetének vázlata (A Szabadtéri Néprajzi Múzeum Közép-Tiszavidék tájegysége)

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Tisza Region in the Open Air Museum) When displaying Middle-Tisza region of the Open Air Museum we endeavoured to survey the history of building crafts and forms of settlement of the Southern part of Borsod county instead of giving a descripton of each building chosen to be re-erected. This way we hope to give an idea to some extent of the scientific work that preceeds and verifies choosing buildings and the distribution of types. According to the first conception of the Open Air Museum, this region would represent an archaic form of settling — the garden curtilage — a special devision within settlement where there are living-houses in clumps in the middle — originally they had no fences among them. There are farm buildings around this core creating a tipical ring form — stables in majority. These gardens" were the site of rural life. To introduce garden curtilage it is felt necessary to survey the history of building crafts and forms of settling in this region as its appearance and disorganization marks the time period and set of buildings that can be displayed in the Open Air Museum. Surveying the history of the form of settlements it turned out that the garden curtilages in the Southern part of Borsod county came into being only at the beginning of the 18.-th century, after the Turkish occupation. This form of settling seems to have developed in this region not on the occasion of breeding cattle for selling, extensively but because of farming. The decay of this special form of settling began in the first half of the 19.-th century, but the procession strengthened only in the second half of the century, and the disappearance at an increasting rate turned to be characteristic from the 1870-ies. This process marks one of the time limits of the region. There are only 19.-th century buildings for display, as this form of settling has disappeared by the 20.-ieth century together with the relating way of life. Surveying the history of building crafts in the Southern part of Borsod county we tried to give an outline of the development of living-houses. Preceeding researches have indicated that there may be the borderline between the territories of two distinct types of Hungarian houses, the so called Norath Hungarian type and the Great Hungarian Plain one. We perused not only the period interesting in respect of the display but also the prehistory of the living-houses trying to outline their evolution. On the basis of archeological researches the North Hungarian type of house is considered to distinct from the buildings serving ; as core of the development of the Great Hungarian Plain type of house, as early as the beginning of the development of living houses. From the 10—13.-th century on there emerges a type of living house, where the oven usually made of stones is palced near the entrance, instead of facing it. The door opened from South as it was common in the dwellingholes dating from the 10.-th century. This can be considered the first appereance of the North Hungarian type of house. The oven raised on a square base but having an oval shaped interior spece seems to have appeared in the 14—15-th century. This turnes to be a characteristic firing installation for a later period in this region. The earliest remained buildings from the Southern part of the county, dating from the end of the 18.-th century prove that this region belongs to the Great