Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)

age of 27 were practicing pure Malthusianism. (Cf. LEROY-BEAULIEU P. (1843-1916): La Question de la Population. 2. ed., Par., 301.) 404 After World War I, the Malthusian thought was revived in Europe, and the pertinent literature increased in the whole world. John Maynard KEYNES (fl946), economist, was the leader o. the resusciteted movement. Cf. PETERSEN, W. (1954/55): Population Studies, 8 : 228, who lists many such works. KEYNES published the photograph of "Mal ĥus Island", a barren rock crowded with birds. These are the guillemots who sit shoulder to shoulder on their eggs. The entire island surface is covered. One more egg would roll into the sea. 405 James MILL in the Encyclopaedia Britanniça, Suppl. to 4. §. 5 ed., vol. III., part. I., article "Colony", 261. 406 See PLACE, F. (1822): Illustrations and proofs of the principle of population, Lond.

—Also OWEN, R. D. (1830): Moral Physiology.—Also KNOWLTON, C. (1830): Fruits of Philosophy, N.Y.—DRYSDALE (1854): The elements of social science, 33. ed. Lond. (1898).—Also ALLBUT, A. (1887): The wife's handbook.—Cf. also LEROY-BEAULIEU, I.e. footn. 403, 295-338. 407 President Theodor ROOSEVELT considered neomalthusianism a moral turpitude, causing suicide of the race. The English Church held that it is against the Christian doctrine. The "Casti Connubii" encyclical of Pope Pius XII states: "Any use whatsoever of matrimony exercised in such a way that the act is deliberately frustrated in its natural power to generate life is an offense against the law of God and of Nature, and those who indulge in such are branded with the guilt of grave sin." [Cf. GIBBONS, W. J. (1949); in MA R, G. F. (1949): Studies in Population, 108etc.]

—In Tsarist Russia, at the 1913 congress of Pirogov Physicians, neomalthusianism found supporters. But after the Civil War, LENIN condemned it as a reactionary attempt which tried to blame the working class itself for its social calamities (LENIN V. I. Collected Works, v. 23, 257; q. by Russian Voyenno-meditsinskiy zĥumal, 1970, No. 4. April, 4).—In vol. 26 (1954) of the Russian Bolshaya Sovietslcaya Entsiklopediya, under "Russian Mal'tuzianstvo" it is stated that after the Second World War, neomalthusianism serves for the American and other imperialists as an ideological weapon to prepare for a new world war, trying to explain unemployement, poverty, and famine of the workers with their "absolute overpopulation" Russian "perenaselenia" in capitalist countries. 408 In France birth control clinics multiplied. Carried into the movement by the propaganda, publicists, politicians, authors, and scientists began to declare themselves in favor of birth restriction. Among these were Alfred NAQUET, Anatole FRANCE, BRIEUX, Michel CORDAY, Salomon REINACH, etc. In writing to Paul ROBIN, main French organizer of the movement, Gustave TERY said in 1904: "I see on all hands poor devils encumbered with more children than they know what to do with, and I am confident that you have found out the best way of bringing about the extinction of pauperism.

. ."q. by HARDY, G. (1925): Medical Critic

. 25: 397 etc.

—The German neomalthusian movement was described by STOECKER, H. (1928): Neue Generation, 24: 397. 409 These are vasectomy, tubal ligation chiefly. In America, the Association for Voluntary Sterilization states that in 1970 more than 100,000 men will request sterilization. Vasectomy is not a method of family planning; it is a method of planning no family. 410 The qualitative advantages of contraception were mentioned, e.g., by Dr Charles KNOWLTON (in the 9th ed. of his Fruits of Philosophy) that it helps preventing hereditary diseases: "Closely connected with this our fourth advantage of anticonception art is the preservation and improvement of the species" (21).—The society ("Ligue de la régénération humaine") that Paul ROBIN established in 1896 also stated among its principles: -quality should always precede quantity. 411 Cf. Senator G. NELSON, q. by DJERASSI I.e. footn. 381. 412 See SOCIETY OF FRIENDS. I.e. footn. 11, 6. 413 CARR-SAUNDERS, I.e. footn. 21. See also ROUSSEAU, E. (1755): Discours sur l'inégalité. 414 WALLACE, I.e. footn. 326. 415 In 1910 Robert KOCH was supposed to say: "I do not think it impossible that on some nice day man as a species will disappear from the globe through the voluntary cessation of his propagation." ("Ich halte es sogar nicht für ausgeschlossen, dass der Mensch als Gattung eines schönen Tages durch freiwillige Einstellung seiner Fortpflanzung vom Erdball verschwinden wird"); q. by SCHALLMAYER, W. (1920): Vererbung ųñđAuslese, 4. Aufl. Jena, 132. 416 The existence of a small race depends upon high birth rate (this supposes high marriage rate, 72