Claudius F. Mayer: From Plato to Pope Paul / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 17. (Budapest, 1989)

Columbus, the number of North American Indians is estimated at 16 millions. After the conquest of the Wild West, not more than 200 000 pure-blooded Redskins remained. Cf. HUNTINGTON, E. (1924): The character of races, 286. 331 At the end of the xvi. ct. the total Spanish population was estimated at 7 to 10 million souls. Cf. GLASS D. V. (1952): Population Studies, 6, 84.—Didado SAAVERDA-FAXARDO (15841648): Idea principis Christian¿, etc. (Brüx, EP 1640), suggested that the king should look out that the best families might not disappear. "La guerra es un monstruo que se alimenta con la sangre humane.'. 332 TAYLOR B. (1932): Germany (In History of Nations, vol 18,

295.): thousands of villages in all parts of Germany had but 4-5 families left out of hundreds. Franconia was so depopulated that an assembly of Nuremberg ordered the Catholic priests to marry, and permitted all other men to have two wives. 333 In 1689, it was advised that the Hungarian blood, given to revolution and unrest, should be tempered with German blood, and thus a steadfast loyalty to and love for their natural and hereditary king and lord could be established. Cf. KAIŅÐL, F. (1912): Geschichte der Deutschen in Ungarn, Gotha, 39-42. 334 Similar leniency took place in Prussia after the Thirty Years' War, as well as in England after epidemics. This measure reduced the temptation to commit abortion and infanticide. 335 At the marriage of William of Orania and Anne of Saxonia, 3600 eimers of wine, 1600 barrels of beer were consumed by the celebrants. 336 FORTIA (1791): Travels in Sweden. 337 Suggested, e. g., by Giuseppe PALM1ERI (1721-1794): Delia ricchezza nazionale; also by J. H. G. von JUSTI (1756). 338 Tax exemptions and other inducements for productive tradesmen were common in all European countries. The Spanish Edict of 1623 assured tax exemption for skilful immigrants. Similar privileges were offered by XVII. ct. Prussia, Austria. 339 Foreign agents who tried to entice inhabitants to emigrate were imprisoned or sentenced to death. Death penalties were announced in Prussia (1721; 1768), Austria (1781). In the xviixviii. ct. several foreign agents were kept in the Bastille who tried to entice Frenchmen to emigrate or to join foreign armies. (Cf. GLASS, 1. c., p. 86.) 340 Cf. Paul HAY (ca. 1670) in Colbert's time; q. by. SPRENGŁER, 1. c. footnote 233, 12.—Yet, in 1796, PITT urged the English Parliament to aid the poor but fruitful families. 341 A certificate of civilian authorities was required before Church blessing. The first such ordinance was issued in 1616. The restriction, which referred mostly to domestic servants, was reneved in later poor laws of 1770, 1780. Cf. MINER J. R. (1932): Human Biology, 4: 286.—Similar measures were also suggested for England in the late xvi. and early xvii. ct.

—Raphael HOLINSHED (|1580?) mentions that some beleive that "youth, by marrying too soone, do nothing to profit the countrie, but fill it full of beggars.

.. a necessary brood of cattell farre better than a superfluous augmentation of mankind"; q. by. STANGELAND, 1. c. footnote 80, 111.

— PUFENDORF (1688): De jure naturae, etc. VI: 1, in the same sense, 850: "it is not only unnecessary but stupid as well for youths to turn their minds to wives when they can promise themselves and their family nothing more than extreme hunger, and will only fill the state with beggars.

..". 342 SCHURING M. (1720): Spermatologia, Frankf. a. M. 152: "indeque nos immortales quasi reddere, dum redivivos in aliis entibus, nobis similibus.

..".—Jean BODIN, 1. c.

: "The people never died, but after the lapse of a 100 or even a 1000 years it is still the same people.

.." Cf. also Charles BONNET (1720-1793), and J. B. R. ROBINET (1735-1820). 343 At least in the xvi. ct. when it was tought to be the result of "phlegmatic and mucinous diathesis" [RUEFF J. (1554): Ein schön lustig Trosthüchle, etc. Zürich, p. CI.] 344 Hermann CONRING (1606-1681): Examen rerumpublicarum (1677), physician of Queen Christine, of Sweden, suggested that the fecundity of Spanish women could be increased if the donnas would take men from countries of northern Europe. 345 Luis MERCADO (1526-1611): De morbis hereditariis. Madr., 1594.—Mercurio SCIPIONE: La commare, Milano, 1618.—Dermutius de MEARA: Pathologia hereditaria generális, etc. (EP Dublin, 1621) Amst., 1666. He beleives that the cause of hereditary diseases is bad biochemical composition of the semen. He advises medical counselling. 67