J. Antall szerk.: Medical history in Hungary 1972. Presented to the XXIII. International Congress of the History of Medicine / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 6. (Budapest, 1972)
M. Vida: State-Models (Utopias) and Sociology of Medicine
M. Vida : State-Mo dels (Utopias). 37 of education, science, "state-raison" and philanthropist ambitions entwined the institute of hospital. So clinical medicine, built up on a complex base and forming world concept, was triumphant in the Continent only in the 19th century as well. 8 9 The actual importance of Utopias firstly and concretely is not in the effort tending to the basic alteration of the constitutional form, because their antagonism is apparent in practice straight away. According to József Eötvös, the apostle of Hungarian liberalism, the system of individual freedom is dissolved in the collectivist view. 9 0 Indeed, the happiness of an individual is not attainable by the restriction of freedom, yet centuries before in the issues of social reforms almost in a "prophetic" manner tasks were pointed out, which were thoroughly acknowledged only in the 19th century. The essential acknowledgement, which was put into words by Ágoston Trefort: "the nation , which has science, property and health will receive everything she can receive by her inclinations and talent given by nature," 9 1 —was not born firstly in the mind of liberal politicians of the 19th century, but this was the principle of propagandists of iedeal state. They did not name concretely the public organization of public health and education, but having in view the creation of an ideal state partly by education and partly by insuring health at any means, they thought of the problem spontaneously. The analyzed state novels and theoretical ideas make sure, that the above mentioned two tasks lead every idea from Plato to the Utopian socialists. In a state built up on sciences and directed by scientists solution of public education was essentially the first task, because such a state demanded total aquirement of sciences. The direction of public education as a main task of government appeared in this way. Already Plato regarded health as the pillar of happiness. As a consequence a considerable insurance of health is needed to organize public health. Accordingly the other most important task of state adminstration was represented firstly in Utopia. Race preservation controlled by state —in the appearence of healthy descendents —also served public health indirectly. Plato set less value on medicine, he regarded it only as an indispensable appuntenance of a "wrong state". We can already find a developed public health in Thomas More's Utopia. The hospital system comparable to towns, well-equipped with medical instruments just the same as the "pavilionsystem" institutional in building of hospitals at the beginning of the 19th century. Campanella mentioned among his departmental ministers the physician, as leader of public health. Actually, one of the main part of "The City of the Sun" 's management was the direction of public health and public education, namely this ministry covered the tasks of training of children and sanitarian problems. The comprehensive teaching and the general information of medicine in an illustrated manner —as a basic compulsory reading in Utopia, and epi8 9 Vekerdi op. cit. 444 p. 9 0 Eötvös op. cit. 93 p. 9 1 Trefort op. cit. 145 p.
