J. Antall szerk.: Medical history in Hungary 1972. Presented to the XXIII. International Congress of the History of Medicine / Orvostörténeti Közlemények – Supplementum 6. (Budapest, 1972)

M. Vida: State-Models (Utopias) and Sociology of Medicine

M. Vida : State-Mo dels (Utopias). 23 certain drugs proves the pragmatic view dominating even in pharmacy. Beside drugs obtained by various pharmaceutic processes: "Not only various essences and separetes stand at our diposal, but more suitable methods, which lead to such a reaction of components that they behave like natural drugs,"

3

9 Bacon's Utopia is characterized by propagation of empiric point of view in exact sciences. Bathing, drinking-cure and air-bathing, furthermore emphasising pharmacy, all indicate the practical application of medicine. 3. THE IDEA OF RATIONAL COMMUNISM IN THE 17TH AND 18TH CENTURIES Between the early Utopists and the famous Utopian socialist triad: SaintSimon, Fourier and Owen, the Utopian state-novels were showered on during the 17th and 18th centuries largely. At the beginning England was home of the Utopian works of novel, later on it played an important role mainly in France. Utopian novel was the only form of positive reference of social criticism and social problems. At the same time in England, since capitalist society had been consolidated in a "classic" form there, that function was taken over by abstract scientific investigations. On the contrary, France

—in spite of the considerable capitalist development and the pauperization of peasantry

—remained invariably an agricultural country. The relative under-development of French capitalism and preservation of feudal conditions, furthermore a combination of the two is more markedly the Utopias of Denis de Vairasse and Fénelon, on a theoretical basis. They described a communist society based on a rationalist idea. The theoretical systematization of this idea appeared firstly only at the age of enlightenment by Mor

e iÿs merit in 1755.

4

0 After Thomas More, the Utopian novels were prepared structurally according to a permanent "pattern". Travellers and sailors reported the life and social structure of nations from a remote land, and in their way the idea of communist society arose from the demonstrative and plastic description of social model. "The history of sevarombs"

—the Utopia of Denis de Vairasse (1638—1700) started the most significant tendency in the age and mainly the philosophical thoughts and legal theories of the 18th century.

1

1 In the first quarter of the 3

9 Bacon op. cit. 116 p. i

0 The most important Utopian state-novels in the 17th and 18th centuries.; Harringtom, J.

: Oceane, 1656.; Vairasse, D.

: La Terre aųstrale connue. 1676.; Patot, de Tissot

: Voyages et aventures se laques Massé. 1710.; Morelly

: Naufrages lies flottantes ... 1753.; Fontenelle

: La République de philosophes ou l'histoire des Ajaociens.; Bretonne, Réstif de la: Le Paysan peverti ou les dangers de la ville. 1776.; ib. La découverte autrale par un homme volant ou le Dédale francais nouvelle trés philosophique. 1785. — Among the mentioned works Vaissare means the beginning of the Utopian state-novels, Morelly is the first writer of theoretical ideas. Mainly that is the reason of stressing. 4

1 Vairasse, D.

: Histoire des Sevarambes peuples qui habi én une partie continent communément appelé la terre Aųstrale. 1677.