Kapronczay Károly szerk.: Orvostörténeti Közlemények 206-209. (Budapest, 2009)

TANULMÁNYOK — ARTICLES - Kölnei Lívia: Torna és gyógytorna a 19. századi Magyarországon

Kölnéi I..: Torna és gyógytorna a 19. századi 143 fontosnak tartotta, hogy meghatározza a kettő különbségét: míg az atlétika, vagyis a sportszerű testgyakorlat során a testi erőt egyoldalúan, egy kitűzött eredmény eléréséért fejlesztik, addig a tornának az egyén teljes, folyamatos és biztos fejlesztése a célja, tekintet nélkül az időnként felmerülő feladatokra. LÍVIA KÖLNÉI, MA art histórián Semmelweis Museum, Library and Archives for the History of Medicine H-1023 Budapest Török u. 12. HUNGARY SUMMARY Gymnastics as a way of healing and of preserving health spread in Hungary - almost exclusively among higher classes - only in the first half of the 19th Century. The movement was inspired by naturopathic theories of the time, first of all by Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland's macrobiotics, by Vinzenz Priessnitz's hydrotherapy and by his healing gymnastics. Gymnastics has been utilized from the 30ies by a new bough of medicine, orthopaedy. The so called Swedish Gymnastics invented by Per Henrik Ling and by his son Hjalmar Ling or the method of the German gymnast Adolf Spiess were well known in Hungary as well. The pediatrist Ágost Schöp-Merei founded the first Institute for Gymnastics in Pest in 1835. As orthopaedy developed, gymnastics was more and more utilized in curing locomotor disorders. Gymnastics however stood in close connection with hydropathy as well. Several institutes for hydropathy and gymnastics were founded in the 50ies and 60ies throughout the country. The most populär of them were those of Károly Siklósy and Sámuel Batizfalvy. Preventive gymnastics gained popularity only in the second half of the 19th Century, as 1830 the French gymnast Ignatius Clair moved to Pest and founded the „Pester gymnastische Schule" (Gymnastics School of Pest). This private school flourished ti II 1863. The Gymnastic Federation of Pest (later National Gymnastics Federation), the first Hungárián sport club was founded in 1866. Tivadar Bakody played an important role in its creation. Gymnastics and sport at the beginning were closely connected with fire-service, so gymnastics clubs often functioned also as fire-guard-bodies. In the 70ies and 80ies the social basis of sport movement was slowly broadened out. The end of the Century saw already 44 gymnastics-clubs in Hungary united in a single unión, the National Federation of Gymnasts, which organized the education of the profession as well. The trend of development didn't cease up to the Great War. This time the movement was headed by Sándor Hegedűs and by Albert Berzeviczy, latter being also the president of the Hungárián Olympic Committee.