Kapronczay Károly szerk.: Orvostörténeti Közlemények 200-201. (Budapest, 2007)
TANULMÁNYOK — ARTICLES - FORRAI, Judit: History of a Special Healing Method for Motor-disordered Children: Conductive Education - A mozgásszervi betegségben szenvedő gyermekek egyik sajátos gyógymódja, a konduktív nevelés története
ity, she can use them and so reinforce them in a learning process. The competing, less useful variations of movement gradually diminish " This was the basic of the conductive education. But how did it become a method? The roots Methods that healed and educated at the same time were born in the anthropocentric age of the renaissance. The man of this age already believed in the effect of systematic education, especially in the case of the disabled. The basic requirements of education are: strict disciplining, ardent practising, teaching morals, and of course the omission of overloading. Many famous humanist scientists worked with this problem: Rudolf Agricola 2 , Juan Pablo de Bonet 3 , Girolamo Cardano*, Ramirez de Carrion 5 , Petrarca, Pedro de Ponce Leone 6 , and the well-known thinkers: Desiderius Erasmus, Mercurius van Helmont, Martin Luther, Hieronymus Mercurialis, Paracelsus, etc. Conductive education is in a border area, which unites two branches of science: healing as the goal, and education as the method. Its roots found their beginnings in the renaissance, and thinkers of later ages continued to elaborate the theories. These were partly built on philosophy, but the separate areas of both scientific branches were enriched as well. The theoretical part of working with people who had a speech or hearing problem was shaped. Among the most excellent scientists who worked with special education was Joannes Amos Comenius (1592-1670), a Czech teacher, who reformed the educational practice up till then and laid the foundations of the principles of modern education. He developed the way of working with the disabled, where the functioning of the senses and patient teaching play a great part. He condemned the then-fashionable physical punishment, which was used as a method of education. ' Ákos, K. - Ákos, M.: Dina. A mother practices Conductive Education. London, Gabriel Haug, 1991. 3-12. 2 Rodolphus Agricola (Phrisius) (1444 -1485): pre-Erasmian humanist of the northern Low Countries; famous for his supple Latin; one of the first north of the Alps to know Greek well; Hebrew scholar towards the end of his life; educator, musician and builder of a church organ; poet in Latin as well as the vernacular; diplomat; and a sportsman of sorts (boxing). He is best known today as the author of De inventione dialectica, as the father of northern European humanism and as a zealous anti-scholastic in the late fifteenth century. 3 Spanish cleric and educator who pioneered in the education of the deaf who helped develop one of the earliest and most successful methods for educating the deaf and improving both the verbal and the nonverbal communications skills of deaf-mutes. 4 Girolamo Cardano (1501 or 1506-1576) was a philosopher, mathematician and doctor. After his studies Cardano gave classes at the universities of Padua and Milan. In 1534 Filippo Archintos arranged Cardano's move to Rome where the scholar taught geometry, arithmetic and astronomy. Today, Cardano is best known for his mathematic formulas to solve to cubic equations (Cardano's Formula) which he published in his main work Ars Magna (Nuremberg 1545). Apart from mathematics, Cardano was also very much interested in philosophical issues 3 Lee Fullwood: The Deaf as a Cultural and Linguistic Minority: Implications for the Hybridisation of Sig. Europa.Vol.3 No.(2000). 6 Pedro Ponce de Leon (1520 - 1584) was a Spanish Benedictine monk who is often credited as being "the first teacher for the deaf. De Leon's work with the deaf was considered bold by contemporaries, as the prevailing opinion among most Europeans in the 1500s was that the deaf were incapable of being educated. Many laymen even believed that the deaf were too simple-minded to be eligible for salvation under Christian doctrine.
