Magyar László szerk.: Orvostörténeti Közlemények 174-177. (Budapest, 2001)

KÖZLEMÉNYEK — COMMUNICATIONS - Kapronczay Károly: A short history of the urology in Hungaiy. — (A magyarországi urológia rövid története.)

4. The part of the urological wards of general hospitals in the development of urology in Hungary As stated above the first Hungarian separate urological surgical ward was instituted in the Rókus Kórház (Saint Roch Hospital) in Budapest but in 1884 a similar ward with 30 beds was opened in the municipal hospital in Kolozsvár as well. The second independent urological surgical ward in Budapest was opened in the Új Szent János Kórház (New Saint John's Hospital) in 1896. The first chief of this ward was Sándor Bakó, the second was Béla Rihmer from 1913. The latter had a urological surgical practice in Kovács's and later in Dollinger's department and had great experience of nephrectomy. It is owing to him that the number of the beds of the ward was increased up to 96 so he developed the ward into the second-largest of such institutes of Hungary. He was succeeded by Gyula Minder who raised the quality of the working of the ward to a high level during his period lasting six years in the János Kórház (Saint John Hospital). From 1943 to 1945 Minder was the head physician of the Urological Clinic in Budapest, succeeding Illyés. Gyula Minder's successor in the Új Szent János Kórház (New Saint John Hospital) was Aurél Noszkay (1900—1987) who was a prominent character of the urological surgery in Hungary. Noszkay gained his surgical experiences in the surgical department in Debrecen. He got to the urological ward of the János Kórház (Saint John Hospital) in Budapest in 1931 and spent the rest of his career there. He was very instrumental in the elaboration of intravenous pyelography. He thought that the problems of contrast materials had been solved by uroselectan B but thought it still necessary to strive after the elaboration of a right Hungarian preparation. His aim was to find a contrast material offering a good shadow even in little dose, in order to get nephrogram and pyelogram becoming distinguishable promptly without any harmful effect of the material on organism. Partly on behalf of this urological ward Egger's pharmaceutical factory produced a kind of iodic contrast material that could pass through organism without changing, excreted only in kidney. At first they tried the medicine called Renumbral on animals, then on 55 human patients. Abroad for the same purpose the 25 per cent solution of bromide of sodium was applied that is Umbrenal that was very expensive. Aurél Noszkay wrote about the possibilities of the application of contrast materials in his study published in 1931. He wrote that contrast materials could be gases, ureteral catheter offering shade, mostly iodic or bromic compounds offering strong shade introduced into the calyceal renal pelvis system in retrograde way through catheter or solid iodine introduced intravenously and excreted by kidney. Today it is just a medical historical thing of interest that among gases they used oxygen, nitrogen or carbon dioxide, getting them between the kidney and the bladder or filling up the hollows of these organs with one of these gases but because of the risk of embolism they gave it up shortly. In the course of pyelography they found out that renal pelvis became empty periodically which happened by the systole of calyxes and at the same time renal pelvis was in diastole. Some of them thought that contrast material was voided out of renal pelvis in undulate way, with contraction which later was supported by operative data too. This passage of contrast material repeated itself in certain intervals regularly and the pyelogram changed in accordance with this repetition. In 1934 Noszkay became a head physician of consultation in