Antall József szerk.: Orvostörténeti közlemények 78-79. (Budapest, 1976)

TANULMÁNYOK - Mádai Lajos: Településhigiénés és demográfiai viszonyok a fővárosban az 1870-es években (angol nyelven)

125.3 people per hectare respectively, while Kőbánya (Stone-pit) was the most sparsely populated with 1.1 inhabitants per hectare. On the Buda side ward no. II was the most populous (25.8 people per hectare), while the other two wards were hardly covered with buildings. The socio-economic stratification of the Budapest population between 1870 and 1880 bore the characteristics of early industrial capitalism developing against the background of disintegrating feudalism. The number of the merchants in this decade grew from 158,077 to 191,006, i.e. by 20.9%. The majority of the employed were working in industry (52,562 in 1870 and 59,239 in 1880), mainly in small-scale industry. The number of those working in agriculture was gradually decreasing as compared with the number of the industrial workers: in 1870 it was 11,693, and in 1880 only 4,559. This process was in connection mainly with the territorial expansion of the city, as many vine-growers were forced to give up their occupation. Civil servants and the members of the liberal professions doubled their number in these ten years, they were 8,410 in 1870, and 15,375 in 1880. The growth in the number of the civil servants was primarily owing to the development of self-government in the field of state administration (such as ministeriums and other national control centres), and the municipal and ward boards. The greatest in number after industry were those working as day-labourers and household servants, people in the most unfavourable social conditions. The number of day-labourers grew from 27,446 in 1870 (17.4% of all bread-winners) to 36,205 in 1880 (19%), while that of the household servants from 24,319 (15.4%) to 36,373 (19%) in the same period. The disproportionate predominance of the lower social strata is well characterized by the fact that in 1880 there were 152,129 people belonging to the "assistant staff" against the 27,188 selfemployed and the 11,689 civil servants. The former group consisted of e.g. workers, yourneymen, apprentices, daylabourers, households servants, etc. Belonging to this category meant a very hard life for hundreds of families. The wretchedness of the poor rendered even more serious by the winter made Dr. Gergely Patrubány, the then chief medical officer of the city urge for communal kitchens and heated public rest rooms in his address to the Municipal Board on November 2, 1874. That winter various municipal and other charity afforts resulted communal kitchens in eight wards, where 125,934 meals were distributed among the poor. [1] The various social strata chose their place of residence according to their social and economic status. While wards no. IV and V, i.e. the City and Lipótváros were inhabited mainly by well-to-do citizens such as state and municipal civil servants, lawyers, physicians, landowners, etc., the outer parts of ward no. VI, and also wards no. VII, Vili, IX, X gave shelter to the needy. Small handicraftsmen lived in wards no. VII, VIII, and IX keeping apart from one another according to occupations. Most merchants lived in the City and Lipótváros, where also the majority of the household servants found their jobs in the wealthy households. On the other side of the Danube it was the population of Óbuda who were in the most unfavourable social and cultural situation. Here the rate of intellectuals was the lowest (2.8%), and that of day-labourers the highest (25%). In wards no. I and II there lived many civil servants, handicraftsmen, and vine-growers.