Antall József szerk.: Orvostörténeti közlemények 51-53. (Budapest, 1969)

TANULMÁNYOK - Antall József: A modern felsőoktatási rendszer kialakulása Magyarországon (1848—1890) (angol nyelven)

schools. In order to make academic freedom a reality he wanted to make the removal of teachers simply by making them retire impossible. At first he wanted to separate theology from the university, but after a tour of Transylvania seeing the state of uneducation among the Protestant and Orthodox clergy he made up his mind to set up faculties even for them at the state university. That was the subject of a correspondence between himself and his son, the famous physicist, Loránd Eötvös. In his opinion, as he wrote to his son, it is better if the Catholic clergy is educated at the state university than if a separate Catholic -university is established for them which would become a stronghold of "ultramontanism". Parallely with the bill on the reorganization of the Pest university he introduced a bill to re-establish the university of Kolozsvár. He wanted to have it started already in the autumn of 1870 by uniting the lyceum, the academy of law and the medical-surgical institute, the remnants of the old university set up by István Báthory, which had been once closed down and once expanded. But its establishment took place only under his successor, Trefort, in 1872. One of his closest associates, Aladár Molnár informs us that Eötvös planned the establishing of four universities. Another bill of Eötvös bore on the establishment of the technical university. On Eötvös's proposal the King gave the status of higher school to the united Polytechnic in 1869. The bill proposed five faculties: (civil) engineering, architecture, mechanical engineering, chemical engineering, and "philosophical" department (general science) complemented with training for prospective teachers in modern technical schools. This last faculty was to serve for the teaching of economics, too, which shows the recognition by Eötvös and his assistants of the connection between economic and technical knowledge. The organizational statute of the Technical University giving it selfgovernment and equal status with the other universities was elaborated on the basis of Eötvös's proposal, was passed by Parliament and was given royal approval (1872). ON THE WAY OF REALIZATION. TREFORT AND MARKUSOVSZKY After Eötvös and the brief period of Pauler came sixteen years during which Ágoston Trefort held the office of minister of public education (1772—1888). Trefort was the brother-in-law of Eötvös and one of the latter's personal and political friends, but he preferred the smaller results achieved through compromise to any comprehensive scheme. More than once he became the focus of disputable attacks, more than once he moved far off from the personality and policy of Eötvös, but he unquestionably deserves merit for implementing and realizing the ideas, organizing public education and even public health. In that he was helped by Lajos Markusovszky, his secretary for university affairs, who was partly the maker, partly the executioner of the plans. The excellent physician and organizer had been selected as advisor by Eötvös, so his person symbolizes the continuity of Hungarian higher educational policy 7i