Antall József szerk.: Orvostörténeti közlemények 51-53. (Budapest, 1969)
TANULMÁNYOK - Zsebők Zoltán: A radiológia fejlődése Magyarországon (angol nyelven)
teacher, who on his return, produced the first Hungarian-made X-ray tubes in the "Állami Üvegtechnikai Intézet" (Glass-making Institute) led by him. Later Röntgen, who used Hungarian tubes as well, spoke of them with appreciation. In the spring of 1896 Kiss was already producing X-ray photographs for practical purposes: for private patients, clinics and hospitals and seems to have established a considerable clientele. His institute was visited by several professors (Tauffer, Kétly, Bókay, Dollinger) and his tubes had a big success on the millennial exhibition commemorating thousand year old Hungary. He delivered many lectures, too, on the new radiation. The other visitor at Würzburg was Irén (Ireneus) Károly, a priest-teacher of the Premonstratensian Order at Nagyvárad. He, too, did X-raying, in the physical laboratory of the grammar school by an apparatus for which he raised Ft 1100 through public contributions. With the obtained X-ray apparatus he examined "the inhabitants of Bihar county who needed it, for humanitarian raesons", free of charge. As it is seen, the first steps on the field of introducing the new discovery were made mostly by physicians, tehnical experts. But the therapical use of the X-rays soon took up wider dimensions. József Iszlai made radioscopies of the face, the skull, and teeth by the help of a cryptoscope at the Stommatological Clinic, of which he gave accounts in the Mathematical and Physical Society and the Royal Medical Society on December 10, 1896 and January 14, 1897 respectively. The first roentgenograms at the First Surgical Clinic (of Dollinger) were made in 1898 and so the Hungarian physicians could start on the road of the systematic and diagnostic employment of the X-rays. Here must be mentioned the names of Ferenc Wittmann and Kornél S choit z ; the former's activity was reviewed in the Orvosi Hetilap by Boross in 1896, the latter published an article in the same volume "On the possibilities of employing X-rays for ophthalmic diagnostical use". The first man in Hungary to study the clinical use of the X-rays seriously and consequently to undertake the unrewarding task of path-breaking was a practitioner at Késmárk (to day Kezmarok, Czechoslovakia) Béla Alexander, and nearly simultaneously with him Jenö Holzwarth in the First Surgical Clinic. In the following years they stood in the front lines, together with Thür zóbányaiElischer and Kelen, Alexander was the first to obtain an X-ray apparatus from Germany (made by Reiniger) which served diagnostical purposes. From that time on he used this primitive apparatus both for routine diagnostic purposes and for scientific research. His career was a heroic struggle against unfavourable circumstances: the assistant in pathological anatomy at the Budapest university became a general practioner in the country, then as an acknowledgement of his outstanding results in the employment of the X!-rays, near the end of his long career full with obstacles and disappointments, first he became private professor, and later the first Hungarian professor in radiology. He became director of the Budapest "University Roentgen Institute" in December, 1907, which was at first accomodated in the Polyclinic, founded by liberalminded circles, and moved in the
