KOVÁCS TIBOR: TUMULUS CULTURE CEMETERIES OF TISZAFÜRED / Régészeti Füzetek II/17. (Magyar Nemzeti Múzeum Budapest, 1975)
Notes
2 6 A publication of the mentioned larger findunits of Tápé and Rákóczifalva will appear shortly by Otto Tromayaer and the author. 2 7 The relation between the cemeteries and the Middle Bronze Age settlement seems a safer data. The tell settlement (Ásotthalom) was a prehistoric village of large dimensions used for centuries. No other contemporary settlement was found in its neighbourhood. It is verylikely therefore that all three cemeteries were used by the people of Ásotthalom of the Middle Bronze Age. 2 8 Cf. KOVÁCS 1966a, 177-180; G. BÁNDI, Rég. Füz. I. 22. (1969) 20. 2 9 As a counter example it can be mantioned that in order to secure an environment to continue the traditional way of life, the people of the Tumulus culture inhabited the previously uninhabited regions of the Bakony mountains. See I. TORMA, A Veszprém megyei régészeti topográfiai kutatások őskori vonatkozású eredményeiről. (Über vorgeschichtliche Ergebnisse auf dem Gebiet des Komitats Veszprém.) Veszprém megyei Múzeumok Közleményei 8(1969) 79-80. 3 0 It may be an interesting question what topographical relation can be established between the family burials of the Middle and Late Bronze Age which area almost superimposed. 3 1 This unfavourable statistics does not mean that only 14% of the graves can be considered as usuable source material. The intact parts of the disturbed graves provided very valuable data for observations of apparel (see figs. 8, 15.). 3 2 The children's graves, depending on the worn down condition of the surface, were found 20—80 cm deep, and the adult graves at 100-140 cm depth of the skeleton graves. Data of the deepest lying skeleton graves: grave 138: 245 cm, grave 103: 225 cm, graves 101, 130, 163, 190: 190 cm, grave 307: 172 cm. The average depth of cremation graves can be determined at 50—80 cm. Data of the deepest dug graves: grave 234: 185 cm, graves 18 and 303: 140 cm, grave 305:130 cm. 32 b KOVÁCS 1966a, 188-190, 199-200. 3 3T06K 1964,43-44. 3 4 KOVÁCS 1966b, 66. 3 5 We do not know the division by rites of two important cemeteries (Maklár, Tápé). ^KEMENCZEI 1967, 262—266; ID., A pilinyi kultúra bárcai csoportja. (Die bárcaer Gruppe der pilinyer Kultur.) 4 (1964) 10; É. JILKOVA, Pilinské pohrebiste Barca II a jeho casové a kulturi horizonty. (Piliner Gräberfeld Barca II und seine Zeit- und Kulturhorizonten.) Slov. Arch. 9 (1961) 102. 3 7 Burial rite alone can not be considered a marker for ethnic groups. Aspecially not when the burial rites of two different peoples were similar before merging. From this point of view it is of interest that very few cemeteries of the Tumulus culture of the Carpathian region were investigated from a physical anthropological point. 3 8 See B. CHROPOVSKY - M. DU$EK - B. POLLA 1960, 335-336; KŐSZEGI 1968. 101-116. 3 9 A few cremation graves came to light among the oldest burials of the Füzesabony culture as a reflection of the rites of the previous Hatvan culture (KALICZ 1968. 147—149): two graves at Tiszafüred, three graves at Hernádkak (TOMPA 1934-35, 97-98.). 4 0 In many cases it was impossible to determine the area of the grave, and the orientation given in grades was based upon the position of the skeleton. And this may not necessarily be identical with the orientation of the gravepit. 4 1 This may have caused the destruction of some high lying children's graves our urn graves. 4 2 A similar arrangement of graves could be observed in the Middle Bronze Age cemetery of Tiszafüred in some cases. A grave group of oval shape of the late period of the Füzesabony culture was distinguished under the grave group A of the Late Bronze Age cemetery is wort while to mention. 4 3There are very few burials marked by stones on the Great Hungarian Plain and in northern Hungary: KALICZ 1958, 50—51. - Igrici; L. NAGY, Arch. Ért. 92 (1965) 232. - Letkés; KEMENCZEI 1967, 263. - Lapujtő. 4 4 TROGMAYER 1963, Pl. 10. no. 3, Pl. ll.no. 4, Pl. 16.no. 15; KOVÁCS 1966-67, Pl. 13. nos. 1,9, Pl. 14. nos. 4, 10, 14, Pl. 16. nos. 5-7, 10, 12 etc. 4 5 The majority of tweezer find in the Carpathian basin area scattered finds, their precise dating is difficult. - Cf. KŐSZEGI 1960, 139-140; MOZSOLICS 1967, 95; HÁNSEL 1968, 53-54, 184; KEMENCZEI 1967, 296. - The earliest tweezer of our territory came to light in the Lovas hoard: VINSK1 1959, 33, PI. 5. no. 1. The quoted example belongs to the fi-shaped tweezers. A similar was found in grave A of the Tiszafüred-Kenderföldek site (PI. 34. fig. A/1.). An M-shaped tweezer was in grave 74 (Majoroshalom) over the right collar bone (Fig. 6.) Cups representing a special type were found in two graves. This fact lets as conclude, that the f2-and M-shaped bronze tweezers were used simultaneously by the ethnic groups of the Tumulus culture on the Plain. Grave 335 (PI. 31) containing the M-Shaped tweezer seems a later burial than the previous two. 57
