Buzási Enikő szerk.: In Europe' Princely Courts, Ádám Mányoki, Actors and venues of a portraitist's career (A Magyar Nemzeti Galéria kiadványai 2003/1)
János Kalmár: POWER AND THE PRINCELY COURT IN EARLY 18th-CENTURY EUROPE
light on his unrequited love, but also one or two characteristics of gallantry, such as the respect shown, in general, for women, and displayed during interaction with them. Thus it is scarcely an oversight that Rákóczi refers to neither of his love interests by name, 130 clearly hoping to preserve their reputations. He remained discrete even though the identity of the women was revealed through court gossip. 131 Regardless of the degree to which cavalier adventures belonged to court life, it was not appropriate to brag about them, for it was unpleasant for those involved. In the young Goethe's highly successful work published in 1774, Die Leiden des jungen Werthers, which expressed the attitude towards life at the time, he paints a devastating picture of court life: "Oh the brilliant wretchedness, the weariness, that one is doomed to witness among the silly people whom we meet in society here! The ambition of rank! How they watch, how they toil, to gain precedence! What poor and contemptible passions are displayed in their utter nakedness!" 132 During the Enlightenment the virtues of the middle class squeezed the ideal of the courtier into the background. The road to middle class virtue was paved with work, and at the end stood the homme de qualité, a man whose success is based on talent. 133 This is what led the boundless servility of the courtier to be ridiculed in Andersen's popular tale from the 1830s, The Emperor's New Clothes, in which the courtiers tell the emperor what he wants to hear rather than believe their own eyes. As a result the emperor, despite being exposed by the naïve sincerity of a small child and mocked by his own people, continues to strut along at the front of the procession as if nothing were wrong. 134 For he knew well: if he shatters the illusion, then his royal aura, the greatest organising and adhesive force in his court, would be destroyed. And could an emperor exist without his court? NOTES 1 See: Adalbert Prinz von Bayern, Das Ende der Habsburger in Spanien, Bde. I— II (München, 1929). Literature on the War of the Spanish Succession is quite rich and varied. Cf.: The War of the Spanish Succession, 1702-1713: A selected bibliography, ed. W. C. Dickinson, E. R. Hitchcock (Westport, 1996). On the reasons for the outbreak of the war, see: William Roosen, "The origins of the War of the Spanish Succession," in The Origins of War in Early Modern Europe, ed. Jeremy Black (Edinburgh, 1987), 151-175. On Hispanic relations, see: Henry Kamen, The War of Succession in Spain, 1700-15 (London, 1969) and David Francis, The First Peninsular War 1702-1713 (London, 1975). On the French aspects, see: Arsène Legrelle, La diplomatie française et la succession d'Espagne, vol. I-IV (Paris, 1895-1899) and Alfred Baudrillart, Philippe V et la cour de France, t. I (Paris, 1889). On the Austrian Habsburgs' interests and participation, see Arnold Gaedecke, Die österreichische Politik im spanischen Erbfolgekrieg, Bde. I — II (Leipzig, 1877) and Marcus Landau, Geschichte Kaiser Karls VF als König von Spanien (Stuttgart, 1889). 2 Linda and Marsha Frey, A Question of Empire: Leopold I and the War of Spanish Succession (New York, 1983). 3 John B. Hattendorf, England in the War of the Spanish Succession: a Study in the English View and Conduct of Grand Strategy 1701-1713 (New York, 1987). 4 Reginald De Schryver, Max II. Emanuel von Bayern und das spanische Erbe 1665-1715 (Mainz, 1997). 5 Lucien Bély, Les relations internationales en Europe (XVII-XVIII siècles) (Paris, 1992), 413-414. John C. Rule, "France and the preliminaries to the Gertruydenberg Conference, September 1709 to March 1710," in Studies in Diplomatic History. Essays in memory of David Bayne Horn, ed. Ragnhild Hatton and M. S. Anderson (London, 1970), 97-115. 6 C. T. Atkinson, "The Cost of Queen Anne's War. Evidence from the 'Calender of Treasury Books and Papers,' 1702-1712," Journal of the Society for Army Historical Research, 33 (1955), 174-183; A. D. Mc Lachlan, "The Road to Peace 1710-1713," in Britain after the Glorious Revolution 1689-1714, ed. G. Holmes (London, 1969); D. Szechy, Jacobitism and Tory Politics 1710-14 (Edinburgh, 1984). 7 Charles W. Ingrao, In Quest and Crisis: Emperor Joseph I and the Habsburg Monarchy (West Lafayette, IN, 1979), 217-219. 8 L'avènement des Bourbons au trône d'Espagne., vol. I —II, ed. Célestin Hippeau (Paris, 1875); Henry Kamen, Felipe V. El rey que reinó dos veces (Madrid, 2000), 104. 9 Ottocar Weber, Der Friede von Utrecht (Gotha, 1891). 10 Ottocar Weber, "Der Friede von Rastatt 1714," Deutsche Zeitschrift für Geschichtswissenschaft, VIII (1892), 274-310, and Max Braubach, "Die Friedensverhandlungen in Utrecht und Rastatt, 1712 bis 1714," Historisches Jahrbuch 90 (1970), 284-298. 11 R. Geikie and J. Montgomery, The Dutch Barrier, 1705-1719 (Cambridge, 1930). 12 For more, see: A szatmári béke története és okirattára [The history and documentation of the Peace of Szatmár], ed. Imre Lukinich (Budapest, 1925), and Imre Bánkúti, A szatmári béke [The Peace of Szatmár] (Budapest, 1981). 13 Linda and Marsha Frey, "II. Rákóczi Ferenc és a tengeri hatalmak [Ferenc Rákóczi II and the naval powers]," Történelmi Szemle XXIV (1981), 663-674; John Hattendorf, "The Rákóczi Insurrection in English War Policy, 1703-1711," Canadian American Review of Hungarian Studies 7 (1980), 91-102; Agnes R. Várkonyi, "Anna királynő levélváltása Rákóczival és az európai egyensúly esélyei [Queen Anne's correspondence with Rákóczi and the chances for balance in Europe]," in A tudomány szolgálatában. Emlékkönyv Benda Kálmán 80. születésnapjára [In the service of scholarship. Commemorative volume on the 80 lh birthday of Kálmán Benda], ed. Ferenc Glatz (Budapest, 1993), 149-161; idem, "Ad pacem universalem,' (A szatmári béke nemzetközi előzményeiről) [Ad pacem universalem,' (International events leading up to the Peace of Szatmár]," Századok 114 (1980), 165-197, and idem, "Rákóczi és a hágai békekonferencia [Rákóczi and the peace conference in the Hague]," Irodalomtörténeti Közlemények 87 (1983), 202-211. 14 Béla Köpeczi, A bujdosó Rákóczi [Rákóczi in exile] (Budapest, 1991), 104-113, and idem, "Erdély az utrechti béketárgyalásokon egy kuruc diplomata szemével [Transylvania at the Utrecht peace negotiations in the eyes of a kuruc diplomat]," in Emlékkönyv Imreh István születésének nyolcvanadik évfordulójára [Commemorative book on the anniversary of István Imreh's 80 th birthday], ed. András Kiss, György Kovács Kiss, Ferenc Pozsony (Kolozsvár, 1999), 305-318.
