Lázár Vilmos szerk.: Termelőszövetkezettörténeti tanulmányok 1. (Mezőgazdaságtörténeti tanulmányok 6. Magyar Mezőgazdasági Múzeum, Budapest, 1972)

Összefoglaló (angolul)

vineyard area. The quantity of organic manure was sufficient to fertilize the arables every 9 to 15 years at the most. Compared to the area of the cooperative farms the number of livestock is disproportionately small. Even this relatively small collective livestock was not properly managed for lack of adequate buildings and sufficient feed. Trend in the individual density of animals in the collective farms and homeplots of the agricultural cooperatives (in standard animals for 100 ha agricultural area) 1951 14,7 20,3 1952 17,9 27,5 1953 21,7 32,1 1954 23,9 33,3 1955 24,8 36,1 1956 22,6 36,7 Mo Harmony existered either between the size of farms, complexity of tasks and the qualification and professional knowledge of the leaders. In consequence of these circumstances the value produced between 1949 and 1956 per unit area of cooperative farms was 20 to 25 per cent less, than that produced by smallholdings per unit area. Under the influence of the political crisis of 1956 the economic policy of the country changed. Following the crisis the area of cooperative farms decreased by 50 per cent, the number of members fell to one third while the larger part of the cooperatives dissolved. The main objective set by the economic policy remained invariably the creation of large-scale cooperative farming, but contrary to the past the State wished to create — simultaneously with the collectivization — the technical-material basis of largescale production by means of a very substantial financial support. Collectivization could be completed and foundation for largescale production laid (1957 to 1965) in the first place as a result of a change in the economic policy. A mass collectivization began in 1959 and already in 1961 the area of cooperative farms amounted to 70 per cent of the agricultural area of the country; the number of cooperative mumbers reached 1.1 millions, while the number of cooperative farms was more than four thousand. In the subsequent years the areal proportion of cooperative farms rose to 73 per cent and became stabilized at this level. As a consequence of concentration the number of cooperative farms has shown a decreasing tendency (2400 in 1970) and continuously diminishes the number of cooperative members, of those working in the cooperatives too. Due to the rapid collectivization disproportions between the fundamental factors of production have temporarily increased to a great extent again, in the first place between the area of the cooperative farms and the actual manpower, because the reaction of peasants was — by and large — the