Lázár Vilmos szerk.: Termelőszövetkezettörténeti tanulmányok 1. (Mezőgazdaságtörténeti tanulmányok 6. Magyar Mezőgazdasági Múzeum, Budapest, 1972)
Összefoglaló (angolul)
the agrar-proletarians with 0.5 to 2 hectares was tied to farming by traditions to a lower extent. In the indicated year, two years after the establishment of the "KÖZÖS ÜT" Cooperative Farm of Belvárdgyula, a considerable part of them were labourers, worked as tractorists or mechanics at a machine station. There certainly were some among them who pursued private farming or entered the cooperative farm, but by no means at the same ration, as the descendants of small (2—6), middle (6—12) and wealthy peasants (above 12 hectares). The descendants of ex-farmers are tied to the land by many threads. The larger was the estate of their father, the less they felt affection for the cooperative farm. The offsprings of petty peasants entering the cooperative farm were mostly employed in the crop production branch, while children of middle peasants became livestock tenders or team-drivers in the first place. Members of "labourer" and "other" descent felt in 1960 — quite naturally — attracted toward activities of industrial character. Thus it was mainly the strata possessing farmer's traditions that took part in laying the foundation of the "KÖZÖS ÜT" Cooperative Farm in Belvárdgyula. 2. Their actual employment in one of the activity spheres of the cooperative farm is influenced by their 1960 status. Those who were private farmers in 1960 can be found today in branches of the lowest prestige, in crop production livestock farming, except for those who had more than 12 hectares, as they do — above their proportion — physical work in the "other" category. A decisive majority of those, who in 1960 were engaged in non-peasant activities, are now working as shopworers, tractor, drivers, builders etc. that is, in a "worker" type employment. 3. From the foregoing it is clear that the descendants of ex-farmers are now occupied mostly in the traditional branches, while the majority of those of non-peasant descent perform activities connected with mechanization and technics. At the present stage of large-scale development an increasingly important role is played by the cooperative members who possess industrial experiences, are mostly of peasantdescent and are employed in the "worker" category. 4. According to our results a considerable influence is exerted by the origin on the qualification of the persons questioned. Children of ex-farmers have a lower educational level, they could not — or did not want to — recognize the new system of values in a changing world. They were private farmers even in 1960, and "missed" the opportunity to acquire professional qualifications. 5. Both the origin and the closely related status in 1960 have a fundamental influence on the proprietory or labourer attitude of the members in the examined cooperative farm. It was noticed that the proprietory attitude was . for the most part a function of the peasant descent and private farming in the past.
