Fehér György szerk.: A Magyar Mezőgazdasági Múzeum Közleményei 1992-1994 (Budapest, 1994)

11. Nemzetközi Gazdaságtörténeti Kongresszus, 1994., Milánó (llth International Economic History Congress) - FÜLÖP ÉVA MÁRIA: Changing forms of employment at the landed-property of Benedictine Monastery of Tihany (Hungary) after the liberations of serfs (1848-1949)

der examination. Meat, wheat-, and salt-allowances were among the payment in kind. In 1857, 122 persons lived at Szántód regarded as the centre of farm producing. Beside the farm employees day-labourers and part-time workers were also employed. Labourers from Zamardi accomplished traditionally the harvest and threshing at Szántód for a determined crop share. Harvesters received a tenth part from autumn and spring crops, and twelfth part from rape. The share of threshers was of similar rate. In many cases the domain demanded gathering and mowing day labour in return for the redemption of censual (census) lands of Zamardi and Endréd and for the wood sold from the forest of Szántód. In the period under examination day labour gained this way — actually belonging to the East-European category of "pay off in labour system" — was used up first of all in forage growing: for mowing of clover, vetch, Hungarian grass and millet on the meadow-lands of Szántód and Zamardi, for cleaning of meadow-lands, for gathering of hay and other forage crops, for hoeing of potato and fodder beet. At corn (maize) growing a part of hoeing, collecting and stalk cutting and the shelling made with machine were performed by day-labourers. It was necessary to employ external work-force beside the permanent farm employees at the spreading of manure as well. The second half of the last century was the period of the spreading of intensive animal husbandry and plant growing in Hungary. More intensive farming demanded more labourers. Parallel with the switch-over from three-course farming to crop rotation the suitable labour force necessary for the labour intensive forage production and for the more careful fertilisation required by the intensive crops had to be assured. However, in lack of the necessary capital the latifundia in Hungary could not employ paid work generally, they only complemented the above mentioned forms with the paid labourers. But at the time of larger agricultural operations not only the lack of capital, but also the insufficient number of day-labourers absorbed in their own farm impeded suitable work. Therefore it was necessary to increase the number of labour force being at disposal permanently in the course of the year, i.e. the number of labourers contracted for the whole year. After the difficulties of switch-over, from the 1880s on a gradual economic strengthening can be observed in the properties of the monastery. The number of farm buildings was increased: for example at Szántód a blacksmith shop, a pigsty and a poultry-house were built in 1882, a sheepfold in 1886, a pigsty and a poultry-house in 1887. It was in this period that from among the domains the farm-stead Tóköz near Szántód was equipped: a farm labourers' dwelling was built, in which the head shepherd, the shepherd, the shepherd boys and the field-guard lived. Ploughs and draught animals were bought, the cartwrights of Szántód and Jaba, respectively the blacksmiths of Jaba and Zamardi made carts (they all were permanently employed labourers). In 1885 a new farm-stead was established at Kapoly on the lands taken back from lease. Farming demanded new buildings here, too, and the new building attached to the brickworks during the construction process served as dwelling of the forest-guard.