Szakács Sándor szerk.: A Magyar Mezőgazdasági Múzeum Közleményei 1990-1991 (Budapest, 1991)

BALÁZS GYÖRGY: Élőerővel működő malmok a Kárpát-medencében a XVIII-XIX. században. III. Szárazmalmok

YZERMAN, Yolt 1982. Aiumal-powered Farm Mills in the Netherlands. In: TIMS Transactions V. VERANTIUS, Faustus 1615-1616. Machnae novae Fausti Verantii. Venedig (München, 1965. R.) WALTON James 1974. Water-mills, wmdmills and horsemills of South Africa. Cape Town and Johannesburg. ZOLTAY Lajos 1935. Szárazmalmok, szélmalmok, vízimalmok a régi Debrecenben. Debreceni Képes Kalendárium, Debrecen. Mill driven by living power in Carpathian Basin in 18-19th century HI. Horse-driven mills This study wants to introduce 3 different variations of horse-driven mills, each of them had their own history. First data of a horse-mill in the Carpathian Basin dates back to 1434 when in a tax registration book, the tax paid by millers is mentioned in Pozsony (Bratislava, Czech-Slovakia today). A grindig stone was found during the excavation of a Medieval village by PáTóczi Horváth, András archeologist We can describe the grinding stone as an upper stone that possibly used to work in an average horse driven mill. This is the first exact data of the horse driven mill in the Carpathian Basin. There are three types of the horse driven mill: 1. Horse mill driven from above. With this type the big wheel is above the horse, often the grinding structure is above the animal as well. 2. Horse mill driven from the middle. The horse walks between the spokes of the wheel. This type is very well known in the Great Hungarian Plain. People often built horse mills near water- or wind mills so that when there was not enough wind or water they could still grind with horses. There are some plans in the archaive indicating the effort of building mills driven by wind and horse at the same time. 3. Horse mill driven from the bottom. With this type the horse walks near the big wheel and the transmission is under the horse. The three types of horse mills are only variations of the basic type, they are only different in respect of the driving structure but their essense, the pair of grinding stones is the same.