Hausner Gábor - Kincses Katalin Mária - Veszprémy László szerk.: A Hadtörténeti Múzeum Értesítője. Acta Musei Militaris in Hungaria. 4. „Kard és koszorú”. Ezer év magyar uralmi és katonai jelképei. (Budapest, 2001)
URALMI JELKÉPEK - B. SZABÓ JÁNOS - ERDŐSI PÉTER: Két világ határán. A hatalomátadás szertartásai az erdélyi fejedelemségben
that time the Parliament chamber was built, which had resulted in changing the place of the ceremonies, from the cathedral to the palace. As for the emblems received from the sultan and the ceremony of handing them over, John Sigismund was the first to get a flag in 1541. In 1566, the sultan sent him various emblems together with his 'athname': a horse, a gala dress, a heavy broadsword, but supposedly there was no new flag among them, even though the 'athname' lists all kinds of well-known emblems except of the throne. In 1608, in the case of Gábor Báthori, the ritual already took shape, which can be followed all through the 17 th century. The enthronement of Catherine of Brandenburg was an irregular occasion from many aspects. She, though a woman, received the princely emblems, moreover, still during the reign of her predecessor. These circumstances may account for the different form of the ceremony. The consort of the prince could only take the 'athname' personally; the emblems were given to the hands of lords. Probably this event established the precedent to reigning princes for making their entry only at the hearing. Concerning the ceremony of György Rákóczi II in 1642, a lot of detailed sources are available, on the basis of which it has proved to be certain that \he forms having appeared at the enthronement of Gábor Báthori had become stable. At the occasions of enthronement in the 17 th century, princely power was displayed to the country, as well as the country's power to the Turkish. The ceremonies clearly reflected the twofold source of Transylvanian princely power. From Hungarian traditions of the transfer of power, election, public acclamation and oath-taking had been preserved, just like the significance of burying the predecessor; sanctity, however, had disappeared, together with one of its manifestations, the act of handing over the emblems. According to the knowledge on ceremonial traditions, a new conception can be formed about the enthronement of Ferenc Rákóczi II at Marosvásárhely in 1707, different from that based on the Memoirs written by the prince. The preparations are reflecting the continuation of Transylvanian tradition. An example of this is the structure of the procession, which is not a merely Transylvanian characteristic, though. Nevertheless, Transylvania was not a sovereign state at that time, thus the elected prince, without the sultan's confirmation, was not considered as a ruler with full powers. Even though Rákóczi, for diplomatic reasons, had been in want of the Transylvanian princely title, he had not considered subordination to the Porte as acceptable, thus he, as distinguished from his predecessors, had not wished to take Turkish emblems. He had not received emblems from the estates, either, which could have created his power; the parade mace and sabre having appeared at the ceremony only fulfilled a representative function. Thus, in 1707, apart from verbal acts, the transfer of power was solely expressed by the elevation to the throne. (Compiled by Katalin Mária Kineses on the basis of the study)
