Kőszegi Frigyes: A Dunántúl Története A Későbronzkorban (BTM műhely 1. kötet Budapest, 1988)
Időrendi és történeti áttekintés (The history of Transdanubia during the late bronze age.) Bilingual-bilingvis.
earthwork with an acropolis was densely populated, according to the latest excavations and has several such characteristics which indicate that the polis, developing along the Mediterraenean commercial routes was not without parallel in the continental climates of Europe, referring to the great significance of the antimone bronze. Unfortunately the basalt mines of Sághegy irrevocably demolished the remains of the industrial center, only the carefully collected sporadic finds make us conclude to its significance similar to that of Velem. The few pieces of the equipment of the smelting shops beside the numerous bronze objects indicate the same fact. We already referred to how the very productive and possibly well organized bronze industrial bases were formed. At the end of the earlier UK, in the transitional third phase, some changes can be seen in the course of the UK development; these changes lead to the already surveyed series of historical events. Although some of the experts deny the possibility of an ethnic change and refer to the development of the late UK to economic reasons, in the case of Transdanubia several signs still seem to support the previous presumptions. In the question of the development of the Vál Culture we could hardly accept the gradual internal progress theory, valid for the whole period of UK, since the find groups of the Vál Culture considerably differ from the earlier ones of its expansion area. Although the material culture, primarily the elements of pottery show a close link with the find material of the early UK, this, however, is not necessarily more than what the basic population could have taken along into the new culture. The new direction of development was in fact determined by the people broken off the Velatice Culture, which played the role of the superstratum in the process of ethnogenesis. The possibility of certain internal migrations is acknowledged even by H. Müller-Karpe 525 who otherwise denies the theory of the "Urnfield migration" expanding to a large area. The question is obviously not closed, nevertheless we have good enough reason to presume that the people burying in the Ocskó tumulus grave might have started such a process in the Carpathian Basin which put an end to the rule of the people of the slanted fluted pottery. The life span of the fourth chase lasted considerably long; it includes the second half of the 11th century, the 10th century, and most likely part of the 9th as well. It represents a significant section of the late UK, roughly the end of the HA2 period and the larger part of HB. 526 As mentioned before, the Vál I phase which reaches back into the the third phase does not differ sharply from Vál II; the transition was almost unnoticeable, in which case no ethnic change could have taken place. Similar process can be noted in southern Moravia, where the Klentnice I phase: corresponds with the transitional phase of the Vál Culture, whereas the Klentnice II and the Brno-Obrany phases are contemporary with Vál II. 527 Whereas the Velatice components have a strong influence on the pottery of the Vál I phase, in the second period the special pottery of the Vál Culture, the vertically fluted, narrowing necked urns, jugs push the earlier types almost completely out. 528 It seems the Vál Culture had no independent metallurgy, in the early phases they simply took over the products of the Kurd bronze industry (posamenterie type fibulae with multi-catch , plates, Pustimer type knives, etc.) as witnessed by the early Hetény graves. It is very likely that some eastern Transdanubian treasure finds of younger types (Bokod, Gyermely, etc.) belonged to the Vál circle already. Since the Vál II phase yields very few find groups with bronzes, only scattered ones of the expansion area of the culture, and the bronze material of related find groups allow us to conclude that the bronze types had been used in the period, those which bear only slight differences from the narrow type choices of the late UK. The people of the Vál Culture lived at temporaly settlements at first, and lived an agricultural-animal husbandry type of life, characteristic for transitional periods. In the find material of its riverside settlements objects, indicating a fishing-hunting-gathering economy are not rare at all. Although great number of these settlements can be found along the Danube or not too far of the riverside region in the areas of Komárom, Pest, Fejér and Tolna counties, we presume that the défendable, high settlement centers of Transdanubia were already occupied by the end of the early period (Vä I). The find material of the Vál Culture or that of the even highly related UK can be found among the finds of Regöly, Lengyeltóti, Tihany, Bakonyszentkirály, etc. The sites of the Sághegy-Velemszentvid group invading the northwest Transdanubias highlands and the joining cultivatable plains, also belong to the above mentioned ones. Although there are many finds within the Sághegy-Velemszentvid group available, several unanswered questions still exist. For example we do not know the circumstances of its origin and the relationship to the late Tumulus early UK people who previously ruled the region. Its early finds, dated to the third phase, are only known from um graves excavated on the side of Sághegy. Its pottery reminds us of the flourishing facies of the north Austrian Baierdorf—Velatice Culture, whereas its bronzes belong to the latest products of the Kurd—Gyermely metallurgy. Although the scattered finds and some of the finds of the latest excavations indicate, that the Velemszentvid settlement was already populated during the late Tumulus — early UK period, it only became a Bronze Age center after the end of the Kurd horizon, or even after its ceasure. The scattered pottery of the settlements remind us on the one hand to the material of the north Austrian Stillfried, on the other hand to the material of the south Nioravian Urnfield Culture (St. André, Klentnice, Brno-Obrany, etc.). 528 / 3 The seemingly peaceful and undisturbed development of the groups of the fourth phase indicate consolidated economic and producing conditions. In the settlements of the Vál Culture, excavated in the Budapest area, the land
