Budapest Régiségei 36. (2002) – In memoriam Rózsa Kalicz-Schreiber (1929-2001)

M. Virág Zsuzsanna: Data on the middle copper age archaeological topography of Budapest environs : sites of the Ludanice Culture = Adatok Budapest középső rézkorának topográfiájához : a Ludanice kultúra lelőhelyei 93-113

ZSUZSANNA M. VIRÁG as well. The lower part of the pedestal part is always arched outward. The reticulated ornamentation of the upper part of the pedestals is also characteristic. Jugs can be found frequently and considered as leading types. Their characteristic form is bulky typically inarticulate, with wide moth and two bulky handles starting from the rim. At the starting points of the handles, the rim is often raised. Perpendicular to the handles, on the flare arch of the jug knots were applied as ornaments. Apart from the jugs with raised margin, less frequently forms with straight-cut rim can also be found. A characteristic type appearing on most localities is the cup with two handles, occurring in two versions; a) wide, low b) high slender form. The rim is raised at the starting point of the handles at most exemplars. Some pieces with incised ornaments appeared as well on the territory of Budapest (Fig. 7. 2, Fig. 11. 1), but the unornamented pieces seem to be more frequent. A relatively rare type (but characteristic element of the type spectrum is the amphora with short arched neck) flared body with bulky handles starting from the rim and set in the arch of the neck. A characteristic representative of this type is a fragment found among the Békásmegyer finds (Fig. 8. 7). This type of vessels can be represented by some of the bodyshreds of flared vessels with knot as well. The characteristic Middle Copper Age type, the barrel-form vessel can also be represented by bodyshreds supplied with handle or knot on their shoulder or upper part. Handles and knots are known on the complete exemplars in opposite pairs (Fig. 12. 6) The rare presence of vase-form vessels with outwardly arched rim and flared body among the Budapest finds is proved by an item from Békásmegyer (Fig. 8. 6). Other types of pottery finds comprise clay spoons supplied with round or oval head and the cinder cover. Ornamentation: On most of the vessel types, knot ornaments of different form were applied only typically placed at the flare of the vessel. Circular rounded or plug-like knots are frequent, and the horizontal oval form is also characteristic. These can also be pressed in the middle (Fig. 7. 1-2). The application of horizontal floppy knots on the refraction line can mainly be observed on bowl fragments. In the Budapest assemblage, incised bunches of lines are seldom encountered among the ornaments, observed only on cups with two handles so far. Most of the sites dated to the first half of the Middle Copper Age are represented by very scarce assemblage, only the cave sites yielded a higher amount of characteristic pottery fragments. Though the general features of each site are difficult to determine, we can still make some general statements on the connections of the finds.

74 On the basis of the finds in the cave settlements we can demonstrated a close connection to NE Transdanubian finds, coming mainly of caves as well, where the observed leading types were similar to the Budapest situation, bowls with retracted rim and biconical forms and the bulky jug. In case of the bowls and the jugs, a characteristic feature is the raised rim over the handles. Amphorae and barrel-like vessels with handle set on the rim appear as well. In the technology of making pottery the polishing of the surface and the use of fine grit temper is typical. All these characteristic features can also be observed on the low-lying settlements on the Buda slope as well, mainly at Békásmegyer and among the Pusztadombi street find where retracted rim and biconical form bowls also dominate the assemblage and amphora-like vessels were also found. An essentially lower number of finds are known on the Pest side. The first half of the Middle Copper Agee is represented only by the burial assemblages of two sites and some sporadical settlement finds here. Due to the lack of evidences, it is impossible to draw finite conclusions. Some apparently different features, however, can be pointed at. The more intensive Bodrogkeresztúr connections of the sites East of Budapest were mentioned earlier, reflected also in the finds of the Pest side, mainly the burial assemblages. The sporadical occurrence of Ludanice type finds, dominating in Budapest environs and the NE parts of Transdanubia can be spotted to the East of the Danube and North of the Alföld region.

75 On the same territory, i.e. the Northern margin of the Alföld and the Gödöllő hills, the sporadical occurrence of classical Bodrogkeresztur Culture features can be followed till the Danube.

76 In the region of the Gödöllő hills, several sites with mixed Ludanice and Bodrogkeresztur features were also observed. At Tarnabod, for example, the presence of incised and dotted ornaments, bowls with decorated with rhombus-form reticulated pattern occur together with bell-form pedestals, jugs with rims raised at the handle, bowls with retracted rim, etc.

77 Among the Nagytarcsa grave-goods. Apart from wide bulky milk- jugs and bowl with retracted rim, typical flat bowl of Bodrogkeresztur character and longish milk jugs were equally found.

78 Flower-pot shape vessels, cups with cylindrical neck, a bulky jug 74 For the typological analysis of similar assemblages: VIRÁG 1995. 1997. rapATAY 1961. 58-59, XXIII. t. 10-13; KALICZ 1966. 17; KÁLLAY 1988. 21-48. 76 Bag-Peresmalom dűlő: PATAY 1961. 5, X. t. 1; Tura: ibid. 1958. 18; Hatvan: ibid. 1961. 89, XXXIII. t. 2; Vác-Pogányvár: fragments with net-pattern, Vác-bank of the Danube: longish milk jug, flat bowl: STEFAITS 1975. 10. 77 KALICZ 1966. 4-5. 78 VIRÁG 1983. XLV-XLVI. t. 98