Budapest Régiségei 23. (1973)

TANULMÁNYOK - Kőszegi Frigyes: Adatok Zugló őskori településtörténetéhez : későbronzkori település a Budapest XIV. ker. Vízakna utcában 9-37

some globular vessels (Fig 14 no. 8, Fig 15 nos 1, 8) the fragments of some thin-walled cups (Fig 13 no. 14) and the piece of a bowl for baking fish (Fig 15 no. 5) may be attached here as well. A small-size bone amulet with pounced ornament (Fig 8) and finally both pieces of the matrix of an axe (Fig 10—11) deserve our attention. The axes cast in this matrix were 23,5 cm long; their type corresponds to the so-called Czech type cornered axes. The decorative features of the enumerated pottery as the finger-imprinted rib running around (Fig 12 nos 12,15, 16, Fig 13 no. 15, Fig 14 nos 10, 11, Fig 15 nos 9, 13, Fig 16 nos 6, 7, 9, 10), the simple wart (Fig 12 nos 10, 11, Fig 13 no. 5, Fig 14 no. 8, Fig 15 no. 11), the wart surrounded by a groove (Fig 13 nos 6,10, Fig 15 no. 8), the wart combined with slanting ribs (Fig 15 no. 1), the T-shaped ribs (Fig 13 nos 4, 9), the interlarded, incised ornament (Fig 12 no. 1) are typical of the Tumulus circle. There is a very important fragment, decorated by parallel incisions and vertical grooves, being a special type of the end of the Middle Bronze Age and of the Late Bronze Age (Fig 12 no. 2). The axe of the Vízakna Street casting mould represents a more developped variety of the largesize, cornered, Czech type axes. In the Carpathian Basin most of its parallels are known from the Middle Bronze Age, mainly from the find complexes of the Koszider horizon (Nagyhangos, Alsónémedi, Sárbogárd, Uzd). A special importance may be attached to the pieces unearthed from the parts of settlements of the outgoing Middle Bronze Age (Pákozdvár, Solymár). In Moravia one of the centres of production of this type of axes is the Veterov culture. It niay be traced also in Germany and Austria. The time of the general use of the axe may be attached to Reinecke's period BB. The specimen of Vízakna Street may be classified into the variety b) according to Mozsolics ; it recalls the pieces of the Uzd and the Lovas hoard in the first place. One of the axes of the Uzd hoard belongs to variety c) according to Mozsolics (a soled axe), going beyond the time of the Koszider horizon. Most jprobably the matrix of the Vízakna Street, a type showing some features of the winged axes already, was used in the Late Bronze Age. The Uzd find seems to establish some connection between the Carpathian Basin and the Peloponnesos where a matrix similar to variety c) has been found in the liouse of the Mycenae oil merchant. The matrix, being in the company of typical LH III/B pottery, is coeval with the Italian early Peschiera bronzes; this fact furnishes the absolute chronology of the use of this type. The datum 1300 B.C. may be regarded as „ante quem", regarding the more archaic character of the Vízakna Street matrix; this means the fourteenth century in the case of our settlement. The detailed analysis of the site at Vízakna Street bears out the conclusion that this place was inhabited by a minor group of the Tumulus culture of the Carpathian Basin. Though ceramics do not furnish an exact dating in this case, we may be sure on the testimony of the matrix that our finds are coeval with the earlier phase of the Tumulus culture. On the basis of the fragments among them, characteristic also of the Middle Bronze Age, and of the type of the axe they cannot be later than the period BC1 of Reinecke. Researches of the past years have proved in a satisfactory way that the Carpathian Basin had been occupied by tumulus builder groups from the end of the Middle Bronze Age on. In our judgment two different groups of this culture set foot on the territory of Hungary : mainly in Transdanubia and in the southern half of the Great Plain the elements derived from the central Danubian Tumulus culture, whereas in the northern border region of the Great Plain the people of the Carpathian tumulus builders invading from Western Slovakia had gained ground. In the ethnogenesis of the Carpathian group the prominent part was played by the Magyarád population, beside the other autochthonous elements of the Bronze Age. We have to emphasize, however, that the transformation in Slovakia, beginning during the period BB could have been prompted by groups coming from the Central European tumulus block. The first signs of the south-eastern expansion of the Tumulus culture, becoming a vigorous one in the second half of the fifteenth century B.C. in the Carpathian Basin, seem to appear in the region of the Ipoly river. The track of the groups hiving off from the Central Slovakian tumulus tribes may be followed to the interior of the Transtibiscan parts. Proceeding along the Ipoly and then the northern bank of the Danube, they invaded the plain at the feet of the northern mountains in a very short time. The southern most find complex of the group marching southwards along the left bank of the Danube is recorded from the area of the capital. Supposedly the mass migration towards the south was hindered by the Vatya culture for a long while, so the tíalga valley diverted those tribes to the east. The region of the Mogyoród hills favoured their settlement, thus they have formed a significant centre of settlement around Aszód and Bag during the periods BC1-2. Judged by our find, the region of the capital did not remain free from the historical events, connected with the expansion of the tumulus builders. Hoards of Koszider type (Rákospalota, Solymár) show that at the time of the Koszider horizon there lived a considerable autochthonous Bronze Age population (Vatya-Magyarád) in our region. Their tribal territories were protected by earthworks, the semicircle of which enabled them to resist the onslaught of the well armed tumulus conquerors for a long time. Such complexes as e.g. the Rákospalota vessels reveal a far-reaching connection between these ethnical groups, in the first place the close relation of the Vatya and Magyarád cultures rooted here. 36