Társadalomtörténeti múdszerek és forrástípusok. Salgótarján, 1986. szeptember 28-30. - Rendi társadalom, polgári társadalom 1. - Adatok, források és tanulmányok a Nógrád Megyei Levéltárból 15. (Salgótarján, 1987)

Angol nyelvi összefoglalók (English Summaries)

558 for Pest. The economic life of Szeged in the reform era was still dominated by the burghers like the Gőtzs, the Zsótérs, and the Kárász as well as by "the gentleman peasants" of the uptown like the Kopasz, the Abrahams, and Csiszárs who were in fact shipowners and fishermen. Besides the Jewish immigrants, these local burghers and inhabitants, the masters of soap-works and the swine-growers in Rókus (one of the suburbs of Szeged) represented the early capitalist forms of the enterprises. The urban development in Szeged became especially manifest after 1859; the Jewish immigrants were at liberty to buy the real estates in the town from that time. The Kárászstreet in the hitherto feudal suburb grew to be the business district of Szeged where the palaces of Lajos Eisenstädter, Lipót Herz and Dávid Kiss were built up. According to the vital statistics of Szeged, 70.179 inhabitants, 3628 Jews among them, lived there in 1870. The occupational structure of the Jews shows that the majority of them dealt with trade and huckstery, but many Jews run goldsmiths's craft and upholstery. Lőrinc Lengyel set up his trifle upholstery in 1867, as an innovative entrepreneur in the furniture business his furnitures were awarded with the gold medal in the World Faire of Paris. The Jews played an important role in the formation of the financial institutions in Szeged. The saving banks, the financial institutions, the commercial companies and the insurance were established between 1860 and 1870 when the entrepreneurs sought the new investments opportunities for their liquid capital. It ought to be mentioned that these companies and institutions were organized predominantly op the basis of the family enterprises. As the registers of birth and marriages show the families of the Jewish entrepreneurs joint their wealth in marriage, but the endogamy among the Jews was not uncommon. As the author points out, the relations between the business interests of the family .and the marriage for love must still be closely investigated. At the same time, the enterprises and investments of the Jews usually connected to the international busiess. The petitions of the bankruptcy proceedings came from Prague and Vienna as well. The Politzers, the Gottliebs and the Seifmanns, for example, had relatives in the American continent. In order to deepen their knowledge in the international affairs, the Jewish families subscribed to the most important national and foreign newspapers (Pester Lloyd and Wiener Zeitung). Because of the social and business reasons, the process of the Jewish assimilation into the Hungarian middle classes began to be frequent from the end of the 1870

's. To mention a case, the wealthy Jewish Eisenstädters (later the Enyedys) became united with the wealthy Christian Zsótérs in marriage. The list of the greatest tax-payers clearly shows the success of the Jewish families in the business life. The greatest tax-payers in Szeged were still Benő Kárász, János Zsótér, and Antal Feldmayer, so to speak, the descendants of the burghers and the gentleman peasants in 1871, but they were partly replaced by the Polláks, the Seifmanns, the Szivessys and the Frankls by the 1880's. The process of the great construction and its relationship to the Jewish enterprises significantly contributed to, as Ferenc Móra, the famous Hungarian writer pointed out, that Szeged abandoned her country-like character and took on the shape of the modern metropolis after 1879. LAJOS TÍMÁR

: City history, city geography and family history