Társadalomtörténeti múdszerek és forrástípusok. Salgótarján, 1986. szeptember 28-30. - Rendi társadalom, polgári társadalom 1. - Adatok, források és tanulmányok a Nógrád Megyei Levéltárból 15. (Salgótarján, 1987)
Angol nyelvi összefoglalók (English Summaries)
545 whole complex of Festetich-estates at Keszthely, is a forerunner of the farming instructions and orders regularly distributed among the stewards, bailiffs and personnel of Festetich-estates throughout the country at the time of the famous agronomists János Nagyváthy, Ferenc Pethe and Károly György Rumy, teachers of the agricultural school " Georgicon ". The instruction before us applies to a much smaller area, as the later ones, it is meant only for Csurgó and its environs. But it already shows the methods and principles that the Keszthely estate centre prescribed. Most of the points made concerned economies of labour, the combination or rearrangement of jobs, wage-saving. In this way the grooms take over the job of carrying the post, the soldier doing that job till then takes over the job of a heyduck, the woman cook is not needed any more, the number of carmen, cattleherds, swineherds is reduced. It supplements the missing data in the tables of payments-in-kind, e.g. with practical instructions on how the payment in hay is to be calculated. To counter abuses, it diminishes the number of animals of the herdsmen that they were allowed to graze along. In order to raise income, coopers are told to raise their output of tubs. The tables of payments-in-kind in Csurgó (1780; 1781) indicate the lag in introducing modern farming methods behind the estate of Keszthely. The development of intensive dairying and the substitution of wage-labour for labour-dues (robot) shows this lag clearly. The instruction states, that the different stages of development represented by the two units of the estate-complex come from differing environmental conditions. There is more pasture, forest and meadow in South-Somogy, than in Zala; the hay is of higher quality, too. This gives a different profile to farming. It turns out that although each estate is a unit in its own right, in cattle-breeding an occasional or even regular cooperation developed even among estate units at some distance from each other. In this way the buffalo-herd from Keresztúr was driven on to the pastures around Csurgó for wintering, then driven back again, and the horses of the stud of Fenékpuszta wintered in the same way. Comparison of similar instructions would bring further results. LÁSZLÚ SZABÚ : Family structure and family farming in the Jász District in the 18th-19th centuries 1./ The Jász expansion . The Jász District (Districtus Jasigum), located in the centre of Hungary, at the borderline of the Great Piain and the northern mountains, in the valley of the Zagyva, was resettled after the devastations of the Mongols by the " Jász " (jasyg) people, descendents of the Alans. This territory was not integrated into the Hungarian system of counties, but existed as a separate, autonomous district, its inhabitants enjoying privileges similar to those of the gentry up to the emancipation of the serfs (1848). The district intermingled with the Hungarians and with time became Hungarian itself, but it kept alive its consciousness of separate origins and its priviliges. After the wars of liberation from the Turkish occupation this area becomes " overpopulated " and lets off swarms of settlers in the direction of different parts of iFe country, and completes its own economic reconstruction much sooner as other parts of the country. Author describes as the Jász expansion the complex phenomenon, whereby the
