A háztartások és a családok társadalmi–foglalkozási tagozódása / A társadalom rétegződése – időszaki közlemények (1999)
BEVEZETŐ
INTRODUCTION The stratificcitiori status, the division by stratification groups of households is examined by experts of social sciences (researchers, sociologists etc.) in the most different ways. The startingpoint mostly is to search for the kind of criteria by the means of which the members of society can be divided into well separable groups. Ranking the persons among socio-occupational strata, it provides an opportunity alsó to create these stratification models on larger or srnaller units of society belonging together in any respect. Social stratification researches generally aim at describing the stratification situation of individuals and only rarely cover the stratificational classification of certain population groups such as households and families. In this volume the stratification of these two smallest units of society depending on economical or family relations is being examined. The basic units of the stratification are the main groups of "FEOR-93 ", the Hungárián Standard Classification of Occupations updated in 1996 and effective modified as from the l s t of January 1997, though going beyond its boards in several cases, a more detailed division of personal occupational classification was required to create stratification units. The socio-occupational composition of households can be determined by the occupational attributes of their members. Because personal occupational information was collected only from active earners in the 1996 Microcensus, examining stratification based on sociooccupational classification, only the personal stratification situation of active earner members of these micro-communities could be taken into account. Without striving after completeness, the results allow for the following major statements: • In 1996 in almost 60 per cent of families there was no active earner. This high proportion is due to large share of inactive persons living alone and families of inactive married couples. • Among active earners the proportion of non-manual workers has gradually increased as a result of the generál increase in educational level and the large number of dismissed manual workers, unskilled or with a low level of education in particular. The latter phenomenon can be estimated as a positive change in the economic transition regarding the more qualified manpower acquired by the labourmarket but at the same time it has had a harmful effect on the livivg-conditions of both individuals and households. • In 1996 almost three-quarters of households with active earner were homogeneous. They are predominantly households with empties or members of co-operatives, while the totál proportion of households with own-account workers, freelancers and -to a smaller extent - contributing family workers amounts to only about one-seventh of homogeneous households in totál. • From 1990 to 1996 among households with active earner, the proportion of those with heterogeneous socio-occupational composition increased slightly following the social and economic changes. Among households with employees and/or members of co-operatives the shares of those with only non-manual workers and with both manual and non-manual workers have decreased, but the proportions of households with both employees, members of co-operatives and own-account workers, members of partnerships or freelancers have increased. 13
