1996. ÉVI MIKROCENZUS A foglalkoztatottság alakulása, 1980–1996 (1997)

BEVEZETŐ

The distribution of active earners according to industry has radically changed in the last one and a half decades. The proportion of active earners occupied in agriculture and forestry has declined, from 19 percent to 8 percent, while the proportion of those occupied in manufacturing and construction has decreased, from 41 percent to 33 percent. On the contrary, the proportion of active earners occupied in services, has increased, from 40 to 59 percent. The processes sketched above -as regards the main trends- ha ve taken place principally in all of the regions. However, the decisive changes at régiónál level ha ve happened alsó at the period between 1990 and 1996. By the changes mentioned above, Hungary has caught the states of EU up in respect of that the most of active earners are occupied in the services. In the course of the transition an increase in the demand has occurred for somé important branches of services. In order to filling these needs it was necessary to increase the number of employees in the appropriate services. The tendencies referring to the former process could ha ve been already noticed in the eighties, and have continued in the nineties. Mention must be made of the development of commercial network, emergence of trade in real estate as individual branch of business and upgrading of business services. In the last decades the number and proportion of non-manual workers have gradually increased. Their proportion within active earners occupied as intellectual in 1980 was more than 30 percent, in 1990 it was one third and in 1996 38 percent. This trend has developed not only as a result of the generál increase in educational level, but the fact, that manual workers play an important part in the decrease of the number of active earners up to 1996. (The unemployment concerned primarily this stratum) This phenomenon refers to a positive change: in the course of economic transition those industries have strengthened, which require the qualified work force. The occupational composition of individual regions has worked out in compliance with the national tendency. The changes between 1980 and 1996 primarily emerged in the different rates of economic activity (in the different regions). At the beginning of 1996 the number of active earners not working at their place of residence and commuting daily to and from work, was 887 thousands. The number of daily commuters has declined by 259 thousands since 1990. In spite of the significant decrease in number of daily commuters, their ratio within active earners practically has not changed. The value of the commuting rate in 1996 was 25 percent, similarly to 1990.