1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYMENT, CHANGE IN THE COMPOSITION OF ACTIVE EARNERS

growth of the number of higher educated active earners is shown in the 1980 8 percent proportion of higher educated among the active earners, the respective proportions were 3 percent in 1960 and 5percent in 1970. The growing need for expertise is expressed in the increase in the proportion of those active earners who completed vocational schools. The number of those with such qualification rose twofold in the past ten years and their proportion among the active earners rose from 8 percent to 17 percent in the same period. The rise of the educational level is shown in the decrease during recent decades in the number of those active earners who did not complete the primary school. These low educated constituted 65 percent of the active earners twenty years ago. Since, because of the demographic change and the expansion of non-regular (evening and correspondence) courses, their rate was decreasing gradually: in 1970 they constituted about two fifths of the active earners, in 1980 this proportion was 19 percent. Earlier the proportion of lower educated was lower among the women than among the men, and the proportion of more educated - with the exception of the higher educated - was higher among the active earner women than among the active earner men. An explanation for this, is that the full employment of men was brought about earlier and rather the more educated women engaged themselves to work than the lower educated women. The difference was decreasing parallel with the growing employment of women, in fact the proportion of less than primary educated is slightly higher today among the women than among the men. The development of the education of women was more dynamic than of the men. This is indicated by the fact, that the number of women with secondary level highest education grew fourfold since 1960 contrary to the two-and-a-half-fold growth of the men with such highest education. In the seventies the development was more balanced: the proportion of those women with completed secondary education as highest education grew by 63 percent, the respective growth was 46 percent for the men. The number of higher educated active earner women grew almost fivefold during the past two decades, while the proportion of such men grew twofold. But we have to mention here, that the direction of the post-primary education of women is fairly unfavourable, since the majority of them continue education in grammar schools which provide general training and in specialized secondary schools which train them for traditional female occupations, while relatively few continue their studies - despite the growing attendance - in other vocational schools. In 1980 23 percent of the active earner men had such qualification and 9 percent of the women. The composition of the active earners by highest education and sex Year, sex Total less than 6 6-7 8 Completed Year, sex Total grades of primary education Vocational school Specialized secondary and grammar schools Higher education 1960 Men 100. 0 22.7 44. 8 21. 9 6. 8 3.8 Women 100. 0 19.2 40.8 29. 8 8. 2 2. 0 Total 100. 0 21.4 43.4 24.7 7. 3 3.2 1970 Men 100. 0 12.7 27. 9 30. 6 10. 5 12. 2 6. 1 Women 100. 0 9. 1 27. 8 39. 1 3. 8 16.4 3.8 Total 100. 0 11.2 27.9 34. 1 7. 8 13. 9 5. 1 1980 Men 100. 0 5. 0 12. 8 32. 2 23. 1 18. 2 8.7 Women 100. 0 4.5 14. 8 39. 6 8.8 25.0 7. 3 Total 100. 0 4. 8 13.7 35.4 16. 9 21.1 8. 1 95