1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

IV. THE CHANGE IN THE POPULATION'S DEMOGRAPHIC AND EDUCATIONAL CHARAC-TERISTICS

The completed secondary school means secondary school as the highest education. The composition of those who completed secondary school by the nature of qualification have not changed considerably in the course of the past decades. The general nature, under which we understand grammar-school completion - despite the great technical development - has kept its leading role. The proportion of those with such completion rose from 39 percent to 46 percent between 1949 and 1960, and since then it has been stagnating at the same level. During the three decades the proportion of those who completed economics secondary school fell back gradually from 29 percent to 16 percent. The proportion of those with manufactural construction completion shows great rise betweerj 1949 and 1970, in the past decade this proportion stabilized around 20 percent. The proportion of teachers - because of the raising of such education to higher level - has been gradually decreasing, while in 1949 almost one fourth of those who completed secondary school were teachers, nowadays their proportion is only three percent. The decrease in the proportion of kindergartner qualification has similar reason, the restoration of their training to the secondary level has no effect yet on the development of the proportions. The composition of educated people by sex - shows great increase in the proportion of women. In 1949 almost two thirds of those with secondary certificates were men, today only 46 percent are men, so in this educational group female majority has been established. Three fifths of those with grammar-school completion are women, this rate is only one fifth among those with technical secondary certificate. After the Second World War less than one third of the economics secondary certificates belonged to women, in 1980 this proportion was more than three fourths. 42 percent of the secondary qualified are under 30, while the proportion of those over the working age is less than 9 percent. The age composition was considerably effected by the changes in the structure of training, which were accompanied also by the expansion of the training. For example 96 percent of those with health secondary certificate are under 30- the number of this groups also constitutes a considerable proportion of those educated at the medium level. In the distribution of the women by age groups, the younger age groups show somewhat higher proportion and the older age groups somewhat lower proportion than the similar indicators of men. 7 8 percent of those with secondary certificate are active earners, the proportion of dependants is only 7 percent. The proportion of the later is the same both for men and women. The examination of the active earners by sex - in 1980 to take the advantage of child-care-allowance was possible only for women - puts a different face on the matter. 82 percent of the men and 74 percent of the women are active earner, 11 percent of the women take the advantage of child-care-allowance. We find the lowest activity rates among those with grammar-school, teacher, economics secondary certificate, because many people acquired these certificates decades earlier and so became inactive by 1980, among those with health secondary certificate is the highest proportion of those who take the advantage of child-care-allowance, 18 percent. 71 percent of the active earners with secondary certificate have nonmanual occupation. Due to the structure of training this proportion show great variance by the nature of the secondary certificate. Among those who have manual and general secondary qualification the proportion of nonmanuals is under 7 0 percent, while among those with health, teacher and economics certificate the proportion exceeds 90 percent. Higher proportion of the men shoulder manual jobs than of the women, this is already shown by their place in the structure of training, since much higher proportion of them are trained in technical secondary schools. The possibility for those with secondary certificate to reach some leading position is given mainly in the technical and agricultural qualification groups, here the possibility for low level direct control of the production comes from the character of their training. The above mentioned is proved by the fact, that while 46 percent of the men who completed technical or agricultural secondary schools work in leading position, this rate is less than 14 percent in the case of the women. THE MAIN CHARACTERISTICS OF THOSE WITH COMPLETED HIGHER EDUCATION Since the liberation, but especially in the last two decades due to the broadening of educational chances and the growing need for education both the number and the proportion of higher educated grew at a fast pace. In 1980 there were 485 thousand higher educated people, 184 thousand more than a decade earlier. 6. 5 percent of the 25 years old and older population have a degree in higher education. Between the two World Wars the number and proportion of higher educated were rather low. From 1920 to 1941 their number rose from 73 thousand to less than one-and-a-half-fold. Their proportion was about 1.7 and 1.8 percent. The growth in their number between 1941 and 1949 was very low, because the growing number of higher educated after the liberation could only compensate for the considerable losses of the war. 80