1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

XI. THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE POPULATION/ THE FLATS", AND THE BUILDINGS OF HOUSING ESTATES

At housing estates the proportion of 14-29 aged is much higher among manuals than among nonmanuals. The reason for this is that the nonmanuals' education is longer, they marry later and they acquire homes later. The educational level of the younger is usually higher than of the older. Since the population at housing estates is relatively young their educational level is higher than that of those living elsewhere. Among the housing estate active earners there are less people who completed less than the 8 grades of primary education, but their number is still considerable (60 thousand) and many of them are young. There is no considerable difference between housing estates and other places in the proportion of those with 8 grades as highest education and in the proportion of those with vocational school as highest education. At housing estates the proportion of those who have secondary highest education is considerably higher than at other places, and in the housing estate population the proportion of the higher educated/graduated is higher than that of the population at other places. The highest education of active earners in towns (percentage) Highest education Housing estates Other Primary education less than 8 grades 7.0 14. 1 8 grades 31. 0 33. 2 Vocational school 16. 1 15. 8 Secondary school 32. 4 25. 7 Higher education 13. 5 11.2 Total 100. 0 100. 0 The difference between housing estates and other places in the educational level of active earners is greater in the country towns than at Budapest. This is proved first of all by the data on those with less than the 8 grades of primary education and on those with secondary education. In the case of the higher educated the tendency is different at Budapest and in other towns, at Budapest the housing estate higher educated proportion is lower and in the country towns higher than at other places. The educational level of manuals is lower at the housing estates than of the nonmanuals. More than 10 percent of the manuals have less than 8 grades, contrary to the 1 percent for nonmanuals. Almost half of the manuals finish education after 8 grades, this proportion is 16. 5 percent for nonmanuals 0. 5 percent of the manuals are graduated while 27. 9 percent of the nonmanuals. The high proportion of manuals with less than 8 grades comes from certain occupational groups which usually include lower educated people. 12 percent of urban housing estate manuals did not complete the 8 grades of primary education. 30 percent of the manuals live at the housing estates of Budapest and of other towns. Their occupational composition is different in the capital and in other towns. As a result of the industrialization in the country towns the mine and metallurgy workers are concentrated at housing estates. So 56 percent of the miners and two fifths of the metallurgy workers live at housing estates, but the proportions are similar for machinery, paper industry and printing industry workers. In country towns considerable proportion of computer operators and data punchers live at housing estates (48 and 44 percent). At Budapest the proportion of metallurgy workers and quality controllers living at housing estates is high (two fifths), the proportion of toolmakers and turners is also high 34 percent each. In the country towns two fifths of the nonmanuals live at housing estates, this proportion is 30 percent at Budapest. Among them in every main occupational group the proportion of those living at housing estates is higher in country towns than at Budapest. The reason for this - among others - is, that in many nonmanual occupations the precondition of taking a country job is the provision of a flat (doctor, teacher, nurse). The proportion of manuals is lower at housing estates than at other places, this comes from the low proportion of semi- and unskilled workers. The proportion of skilled workers is almost the same at housing estates and at other places. Among the nonmanuals the proportion of both leaders and subordinates is higher at housing estates than at other places. 151