1980 HUNGARIAN CENSUS OF POPULATION Summary data (1984)

V. THE DEVELOPMENT OF EMPLOYMENT, CHANGE IN THE COMPOSITION OF ACTIVE EARNERS

In the various occupational groups the men-women proportion considerable differ: certain qualification groups are characterized by male majority, others by female majority. It is traditional that in health and culture, accounting and management there is female majority, in the technical occupations there is male majority. In administration and economy the vast majority of the employed were men earlier (their proportion was two thirds in 1960), and later parallel with the growing employment of women more and more women were employed in this field, so the proportion of men was gradually decreasing. Today the proportion of men and the proportion of women are almost the same in administration, justice and in the economic occupations. By 1980 the proportion of employed in technical, health and culture occupations increased among the nonmanual men, the proportion of those in administrative, economic occupations remained at the 197 0 level, the proportion of those employed in accounting, management (clerks) occupations fell considerably from 14 percent to 9 percent. In the course of the past decade the growth in the number of nonmanual women in health, education and culture was stronger, in the other occupational groups it was more moderate than in the sixties. Since 1970 the number of active earner women in health and culture grew by 86 thousand which is one-and-a-half-fold rise. Since 1970 the rise in the number of women in technical occupations was 39 percent which is higher than the average (36 percent), but their proportion is still only one tenth among the nonmanual women. At the beginning of 1980 the number of women in administrative and economic occupations was by 49 thousand higher than 10 years earlier. During the past ten years the rate of women employed in accounting and management occupations fell back, although their proportion is still 40 percent, which means that they constitute the largest group among nonmanual women. The numbers show, that the great majority of women with grammar school or other secondary school completion - without skilled qualification - pursue general administrative occupations. The composition of nonmanual active earners by occupational groups and sex (percentage) Occupational group Nonmanual active earner Proportion of worn en 1980 Occupational group men women Proportion of worn en 1980 Occupational group 1960 1970 1980 1960 1970 1980 Proportion of worn en 1980 Technical 30. 5 40. 8 44. 2 5. 9 9.7 10. 0 23. 5 Administrative, economic 32. 6 29. 6 29. 6 19. 7 22. 6 22. 0 50. 4 Health and culture 19. 3 15.7 16. 8 31.3 25. 1 28. 0 69. 5 Accounting, management 17.6 13. 9 9.4 43. 1 42. 6 40. 0 85. 3 Total 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 100. 0 57. 7 In the course of the growing employment of women, nonmanual women were concentrated in fields which were traditionally female occupations. Besides the administrative activities there are other occupations - mainly in the field of health - which are definitely female occupations. Such are for example: nurse, midwife, kindergartner etc. Besides these there are occupations in which more and more women were employed. Today already two fifths of the chief officials in the central and council administration are women, two thirds of the executives in the central and council administration are women, contrary to the respective 27 percent and 33 percent proportions of 1960. The teacher occupations and some law occupations were also feminized. Since 1960 the proportion of female teachers in the low level educational institutions rose from 67 percent to 79 percent. Twenty years ago the proportion of women in occupations like, judge, notary and some other law jobs was 18 percent, today this proportion is 47 percent. At the same time there are relatively few women among the leaders of enterprises, institutions and cooperatives: in the course of the past twenty years the proportion of woman directors rose from 5 percent only to 13 percent. The proportion of women is also low among the leaders of the state and council administration: today this proportion is 23 percent, contrary to the 12 percent proportion of 1960. The composition of the manual employees and the manual members of cooperatives by staff groups changed favourably in the course of the past decade. Parallel with the slight decrease in their staff number, the proportion of skilled and semi-skilled workers rose among them, so there was a strong shift in favour of the higher qualified workers and there was a strong decrease in the number and proportion of unskilled workers. There is a general tendency that the workers, especially the young, prefer those occupations in which qualification is needed, and in which they are classified as skilled workers. Since 1970 the number of workers classified as skilled workers increased by 231 thousand (one fifth)

. 101