Dr. Éva Murai szerk.: Miscellanea Zoologica Hungarica 1. 1982 (Budapest, 1982)

Sey, O.: The morphology, life-cycle and geographical distribution of Paramphistomum cervi (Zeder, 1790) (Trematoda: Paramphistomata)

KRANEBURG & BOCH, 1978), 96-107 In sheep (GLUZMAN, 1969; GLUZMAN & ARTEMENKO, 1969; KRANEBURG & BOCH, 1978) and 82-96 in roe deer (KRANEBURG & BOCH, 1978). The life-span of P. cervi was estimated to be four years in cattle (KLESOV & MEREMINSKII, 1973). GEOGRAPHICAL DISTRIBUTION On the analysis of the range of P. cervi it seems to be reliable to examine the specific identity of the other three, closely related species, P

. gotoi Fukui, 1922, P. gracile Fischoeder, 1901 and P. liorchis Fischoeder, 1901 because these species are morphologically similar to each other, their distribution coincides with that of P. cervi in certain areas and because P. gracile and P. liorchis were regarded to be synonyms of P. cervi by DAWES (1936). P

. gotoi was described by FUKUI in Japan; later it was discovered in different localities of the Palaearctic region by RAFYI et al., (1968), Iran; STEPANOV (1969), USSR; SEY (1978), Roumania; PACENOVSKY et al., (1975), Mongolia. P. cervi and P. gotoi can be distinguished by the longer papillae (75-80 urn) found in the pharynx of P

. gotoi (Fig. 14) and by the pharynx/body length index (NÄSMARK, 1937, unpublished own ata) but the specific value of the latter is in need of further verification based on properly fixed and more extensive test material. The range of these species overlaps in the Palaearctic region. P. gracile was found for the first time in the Oriental region and described by FISCHOEDER (1901- 1903). Outside this region* it was reported from Mongolia (PACENOVSKY et al. 1975), Iran (SEY, unpublished data). PACENOVSKY et al.'s (1975) findings seem, however, to be questionable. The structure of the pharynx attributed to this species by the those authors (Paramphistomum) has the appearance (seen on the drawing, p. 194, Fig. 2) of the Liorchis-type devoid of papillae which is also characteristic for P. cervi

. Otherwise, in the amphistome collection, available to the present writer from domestic ruminants of Mongolia only P. cervi was discovered. P. cervi and P. gracile are easily distinguishable by the structure of the pharynx, the former has Liorchis-, the latter Paramphistomum-types. The distributional area of these species coincides in the Palaearctic region. P. liorchis was described by FISCHOEDER (1903) on the basis of the samples collected by NATTERER from different deers in Brazil. As the main specific features, the shape and size of the body as well as the spherical testes were, designated among others. NÄSMARK (1937) examined the histomorphology of the muscular organs of specimens derived from the same collection. The pharynx and the genital opening were depicted as Liorchis-type with special emphasis on the length of papillae of the pharynx (Fig. 15) and the circular musculature in the genital opening. The writer had the possibility to examine specimens of NATTERER'

s collection (Vienna Museum), as well as sections of FISCHOEDER'

s and NASMARK's. It can be stated that NATTERER'

s specimens had been treated in water before fixation. Thus sections prepared from these samples showed different pictures as to the main specific features mentioned by the authors above. The papillae in the pharynx were present in some specimens (50-75 urn in length), so that is longer than that of P. cervi (Fig. 16) while in others the papillae were eliminated, probably due to the watery treatment. The testes were spherical with either smooth boundaries or with some narrow infoldings which do not, however, form such coarse lobuli as known in P. cervi

. In the genital opening the circular muscle elements occurred in some specimens (Figs 17, 18) while in others they were not observable. In the latter cases it can be supposed that their absence is the consequence of pre-fixative treatment. Anyway, it should be remembered that the structure of the muscular organs of P. liorchis has been examined up to now on specimens derived from NATTERER'

s collection and thus it is difficult to ascertain the scope of the alteration caused by unsuitable fixation. Nevertheless, our knowledge on the consistency of the structure of the muscular organs comes from the examinations of several other amphistomes allowing to suppose that the characteristics of this species designated by NASMARK (1937) can be regarded to be stable and specific even if these were not observable in every specimen of the writer's preparations due to reasons mentioned above. P. cervi and P. liorchis can share the same distributional range in the Nearctic and ? Neotropic regions. The species identity of P. gracile and P. liorchis is unquestionable but the differentiation of the four species in question requires well-prepared median sagittal sections because the relatively small specific features can be detected only in such preparations. A great number of papers have been published on the occurrence of P. cervi in different parts of the world. These papers can be divided into two groups on the basis of their capacity.